Fundamental Science

News 4.3 MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE RATTLES DELHI EARLY MORNING, FEBRUARY 17 A 4.3 magnitude quake struck 2 km from Delhi at 5:36 AM, rattling residents awake. Minor cracks reported; no casualties. Authorities are inspecting infrastructure and monitoring aftershocks amid heightened alerts. Emergency services remain on standby.

News FONIO: THE RISING MILLET OF WEST AFRICA Fonio is gaining international recognition, with chefs like Pierre Thiam and Fatmata Binta promoting it. Thiam’s Yolélé brand distributes fonio in the U.S. Chef Binta collaborates with FAO to support women farmers in Ghana. Despite its versatility and climate resilience, fonio remains unfamiliar to many global consumers.

News INDIA AGREES TO AUTONOMY FOR FRONTIER NAGALAND On January 15, 2025, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), led by A.K. Mishra, held talks with ENPO and the Nagaland government. The Centre agreed in principle to executive, legislative, and financial autonomy for FNT. The government also approved a new paramilitary regiment and strengthening Village Guards, originally established in 1957.

News MARBURG VIRUS OUTBREAK KILLS 8 IN TANZANIA As of January 11, 2025, 8 out of 9 suspected MVD cases in Kagera region died. Cases were reported in Biharamulo and Muleba. The Tanzanian government deployed rapid response teams, mobile labs, and treatment units. WHO classified the outbreak as high-risk, given Kagera’s location near Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, and DR Congo.

News INDIA APPROVES THIRD LAUNCH PAD AT SRIHARIKOTA The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved ₹3,984.86 crore for a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at Sriharikota, expected to be ready in 48 months. The SLP had facilitated GSLV, LVM3, Chandrayaan-3, and the upcoming Gaganyaan missions. But the TLP will support Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV), human spaceflight missions, and act as a standby for SLP, ensuring India’s capability for heavy-lift space exploration.

News INDIA RANKS 2ND IN FUTURE OF WORK READINESS India ranked 25th overall but secured 2nd place in the ‘Future of Work’ indicator, highlighting strengths in AI, digital, and green skills. However, India placed 40th in economic transformation and 37th in workforce skills alignment, indicating challenges in integrating academic training with emerging industry demands.

News NATIONAL PANCHAYAT AWARDS 2024 HONOR 45 PANCHAYATS On December 11, 2024, President Droupadi Murmu honored 45 Panchayats for achievements in poverty reduction, sanitation, and sustainable agriculture. A booklet, 'Best Practices on Works of Awardee Panchayats', was launched to document their impactful initiatives. The awards aim to showcase community-driven development efforts, fostering innovation and accountability in rural governance.

News SINGAPORE-INDIA COLLABORATE ON SEMICONDUCTOR ECOSYSTEM During his India visit, Singapore’s President Tharman Shanmugaratnam announced joint initiatives to develop India’s semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. He also proposed a data corridor between GIFT City and Singapore to facilitate secure financial data transfers. Discussions included expanding digital trade, AI partnerships, and fintech collaboration, strengthening economic and technological cooperation between both nations.

News ELECTORAL TRUST DONATIONS SURGE POST-BOND BAN Following the February 15, 2024 bond ban ruling, donations to the Prudent Electoral Trust surged to Rs 1,075.7 crore, with Rs 797.1 crore received post-ruling. BJP garnered Rs 723.8 crore in contributions, a sharp rise from only Rs 0.5 crore last year, marking a dramatic funding shift.

News EUROPE-INDIA ALLIANCE SHIFTS TOWARD PRACTICAL COOPERATION In 2024, as elections rocked the world, Europe and India began regrouping to overcome protectionism. The relationship now shifts focus toward economic security, defense cooperation, and technologies. Leaders advocate breaking trade barriers, reducing dependencies on China, forging a strategic alliance with the U.S. and EU to boost innovation and growth.

News ISNR INITIATIVE BOOSTS SUSTAINABLE INDIAN RUBBER PRODUCTION The Rubber Board launched the Indian Standard Natural Rubber (iSNR) initiative during the Rubber Act platinum jubilee celebrations. iSNR issues traceability certificates to verify compliance with EU deforestation regulations. It offers two models—RESCO and Utility-Led Aggregation—to boost sustainable production, streamline supply chains, and enable subsidy hikes via the INR Konnect platform.

News CONTROVERSY OVER NAMING FUNGUS T. INDOTINEAE Dermatologists from India and 13 other countries object to the nomenclature T. indotineae for a drug-resistant fungus found in over 40 countries. Critics argue that naming it after India causes undue stigma and racial prejudice, detracting from research into its resistance mechanisms and urgent public health concern.

News ISRO GROWS LOBIA SEEDS IN SPACE In a microgravity environment (0.01 g), ISRO’s mini-greenhouse VSSC's CROPS (Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies) experiment successfully germinated lobia seeds on PSLV-C60 POEM-4. The module used porous clay pellets with slow-release fertilizer, and warm and cool LEDs programmed for 16 hours on and 8 hours off, while maintaining temperatures between 20 and 30°C. Seeds sprouted by day four with leaves emerging.

News NURSE NIMISHA PRIYA CASE SPARKS BLOOD MONEY DEBATE After being sentenced to death in Yemen for murdering her business partner, Nimisha Priya's case has ignited debate. Discussions center on "blood money" compensation paid to the victim’s family. Multiple cases of Indian nationals have seen sentences commuted after financial settlements, raising questions about justice and reform in legal systems. MEA is trying to resolve the issue via back-channeling with various stakeholders in conflict-ridden Yemen.

News RBI ENABLES UPI PAYMENTS VIA THIRD-PARTY PPIS The Reserve Bank of India has amended regulations to allow full-KYC Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI) holders to make and receive UPI payments via third-party applications. PPI issuers must link customer accounts to their UPI handles, with transactions pre-approved and authenticated using existing UPI credentials, streamlining digital payments beyond bank account channels.

News TSF PROTEST DEMANDS ROMAN SCRIPT FOR KOKBOROK About 12 Twipra Students Federation (TSF) members were detained outside the Tripura Assembly on Wednesday for protesting the use of Bengali script in Kokborok textbooks and official work. TSF leaders very strongly criticized government apathy, asserting that the Roman script better preserves cultural identity for the state’s 23.97% Kokborok-speaking population, and demand reform.

News NEW GENOMIC ANALYSIS REVEALS VIKING ANCESTRY SHIFTS A new study using the innovative Twigstats method analyzed 1,556 ancient genomes from 500 BC to 1000 AD. It revealed precise individual-level ancestry, detailed migration patterns, and bidirectional gene flows among Vikings, Anglo-Saxons, and pre-Viking Scandinavians, thereby offering unprecedented historical clarity for researchers.

News GRAVITY ENERGY STORAGE BOOSTS RENEWABLE RELIABILITY Gravity energy storage uses surplus solar power to lift heavy masses, releasing energy when demand rises. Unlike pumped-hydro storage, it is more cost-effective. Malaysia is actively pursuing systems in abandoned mines, with studies showing gravity storage increases solar penetration by up to 7.26%, outperforming batteries in lifetime cost and efficiency.

News IMPEACHED PRESIDENT YOON ARREST SPARKS DEMOCRATIC REBOUND On January 15 in Seoul, impeached President Yoon Suk-yeol was notably arrested amid escalating political turmoil. Criticism of his domestic and foreign policies, including alleged interference in corruption probes, had intensified since May 2022. Martial law declared on December 3 sparked massive protests and rejection of authoritarian measures by lawmakers.

News STATES REVENUE DEPENDENCE ON CENTRAL TRANSFERS INCREASES From FY16 to FY25, States’ own tax revenue remained below 50% of total revenue, while Central transfers increased to 23-30%. Non-tax revenue from grants rose to 65-70%, but other sources declined. States like Tamil Nadu saw its own tax revenue to GSDP ratios drop from 7.72% to 6.17%, and this trend is seen across multiple states.

News UN DECLARES 2025 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF GLACIERS The UN has declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers, with March 21 designated as World Day for Glaciers. The Hindu Kush Himalayan cryosphere is warming at twice the global average, endangering water supplies for 240 million people. Significant glaciers, like Nepal’s Yala, are rapidly retreating across regions.

News UNICEF REPORT: CRISES IMPACT CHILDREN'S FUTURES The UNICEF report warns that climate change, conflict, economic instability, and digital inequality are increasingly disrupting children’s lives. In 2023, over 473 million children—more than one in six—lived in conflict zones, while nearly 400 million reside in debt-ridden countries, limiting investments in education, health, and social protection, and exacerbate vulnerabilities.

News SANDEEP DIXIT’S REVENGE: KEJRIWAL DEFEATED IN NEW DELHI Sandeep Dixit, son of Sheila Dixit, contested against Kejriwal and Parvesh Verma in 2025 Delhi legislative elections. Though he secured just over 3,800 votes, he cut into Kejriwal’s support, contributing to his defeat by 3,000 votes. BJP’s Verma won the high-stakes battle, bringing an end to Kejriwal’s decade-long hold on New Delhi.

News INTERPOL’S SILVER NOTICE AIDS ASSET RECOVERY Interpol’s Silver Notice, introduced with the collaboration of 52 countries, significantly improves cross-border asset tracing, enhancing the speed and reliability of information sharing for financial crime investigations. This new mechanism builds upon the traditional MLATs, streamlining international cooperation. India was instrumental in its development, contributing to global efforts in tackling illicit wealth and corruption.

News INDIA’S OBESITY CRISIS AND BMI’S FLAWS India is witnessing a surge in obesity, particularly among children (ages 5–19) and women (over 20), according to a Lancet study. The growing consumption of processed foods and sugary drinks contributes to the health crisis. Policymakers must adopt more accurate and holistic obesity assessment methods, moving away from the flawed BMI system.

News GADDI DOG GAINS OFFICIAL RECOGNITION IN INDIA Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR) recognized Gaddi among 10 new livestock breeds. Despite its ability to fend off predators like snow leopards, the breed remains unrecognized by kennel clubs, endangering its genetic purity. Experts emphasize conservation due to declining nomadic lifestyles.

News PESTICIDE RISKS THREATEN 70% OF WILD BEES A study in Science found over 70% of wild bees face pesticide risks, especially soil-nesting species. Queens of Bombus impatiens and Xenoglossa pruinose were attracted to pesticide-contaminated soil, increasing exposure. Cyantraniliprole significantly reduced survival and reproductive success in bumble bee queens.

News TRIPURA STATE EMBLEM SPARKS CONTROVERSY The newly approved Tripura state emblem, featuring a saffron circle with the national emblem, has drawn criticism. Opposition leader Jitendra Chaudhury argues it lacks Tripura’s cultural representation. Concerns have emerged within the ruling BJP, with public dissent over its design.

News DISCOVERY OF EXOTIC SEMI-DIRAC FERMIONS Researchers at Columbia and Penn State universities discovered semi-Dirac fermions in zirconium silicon sulfide (ZrSiS). These fermions exhibit mass in one direction but not in another. Experimental results show cyclotron energy scaling with B²/³, a unique characteristic of semi-Dirac fermions.

News ROOFTOP SOLAR SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION MODELS UNVEILED The Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has introduced guidelines under PM-Surya Ghar Yojana, allocating ₹100 crore for Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) to de-risk RESCO investments. The scheme includes RESCO and Utility-Led Aggregation (ULA) models, offering cost-free solar installation for consumers while enabling DISCOMs to manage projects.

News WEF REPORT WARNS OF RISING GLOBAL RISKS The report identifies India’s top five risks: water shortages, misinformation, human rights erosion, pollution, and labor shortages. It warns of deepening trade tensions, increased protectionism, and environmental challenges. A survey of 900 experts highlights the urgency of addressing misinformation, which has led short-term risks for two years.

News KANYE'S WIFE BIANCA APPEARED ALMOST NAKED AT GRAMMYS At the 2024 Grammys, Censori wore a sheer mesh dress without undergarments, reportedly following Kanye's direction. Body language experts noted Kanye’s controlling demeanor, describing her wife as his "professional achievement by the way he gazed at her". Legal concerns arose over potential indecent exposure under California Penal Code 314(1), which defines public nudity as unlawful if offensive or sexually motivated.

News TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA The ActionAid report links teenage pregnancy to poverty, gender inequality, and limited sexual education. West Bengal and Bihar have the highest rates, at 16% and 11%. Early motherhood perpetuates poverty, with many girls dropping out of school. Inadequate enforcement of child protection laws worsens the situation.

News FATHER KILLS DAUGHTER BEFORE WEDDING OVER CHOICE A 20-year-old woman, Tanu Gurjar, was shot dead by her father and cousin in Gwalior for wanting to marry someone of her choice. She had posted a social media video accusing her family of coercion. Police intervened, but her father insisted on a private talk, leading to her murder.

News NEURALINK IMPLANTS EXPAND WITH 20-30 PLANNED IN 2025 Neuralink has successfully implanted brain chips in three patients, enabling paralyzed individuals to control external devices like computers and robotic arms using their minds. Musk announced that the implants are functioning well. These experimental procedures involve placing electrodes in brain tissue, with Neuralink aiming to expand trials significantly in 2025.

News DRDO SUCCESSFULLY TESTS NAG MARK 2 MISSILE DRDO successfully tested the Nag Mark 2 at Rajasthan's Pokhran Field Range. The missile destroyed all targets at maximum and minimum ranges. It features fire-and-forget technology, neutralizing armored threats, including explosive reactive armor (ERA). Defence Minister Rajnath Singh congratulated DRDO and the Indian Army, marking the missile's readiness for induction.

News GANGASAGAR MELA INTRODUCES NEW INITIATIVES West Bengal launched initiatives like 'Bandhan' (pilgrim certificates), 'e-Anushandhan' (mela facilities), and 'e-Parichay' (QR-coded identity bands). Despite a reported drop in attendance, 42 lakh pilgrims have visited so far. The state deployed 13,000 police personnel and 2,500 buses, 21 jetties, 9 barges, and 120 launches for transportation.

News INDIA’S PLAN FOR DATA EMBASSIES India is in advanced talks with multiple nations, including the UAE, to establish data embassies. Andhra Pradesh is expected to host the first facility. These embassies will function like consular divisions, ensuring sovereign control over stored data while India provides infrastructure and security. The initiative aligns with India's strengthening data privacy laws.

News PM MODI LAUNCHES 'MISSION MAUSAM' PM Modi launched Mission Mausam to make India a 'weather-ready, climate-smart' nation. The plan includes deploying 70 Doppler radars, AI-powered forecasting, and cloud-seeding experiments. IMD also unveiled Vision-2047, aiming for 100% detection of severe weather and 100% accuracy in 3-day forecasts.

News NATIONAL TURMERIC BOARD LAUNCHED IN INDIA Union Minister Piyush Goyal inaugurated the National Turmeric Board, headquartered in Nizamabad, appointing Palle Ganga Reddy as Chairperson. The board will focus on turmeric research, product value addition, quality standards, and boosting exports. India exported 1.62 lakh tonnes of turmeric worth $226.5 million in 2023-24.

News RETAIL INFLATION EASES TO FOUR-MONTH LOW Retail inflation declined to 5.22% in December 2024 from 5.48% in November, driven by lower food inflation (8.39%). Vegetable inflation fell to 26.6% from 29%, while cereals (6.51%) and milk (2.8%) also eased. Core inflation dropped to 3.5%. The rupee's depreciation may delay the much-anticipated rate cut.

News LOKPAL FOUNDATION DAY FELICITATES ANTI-CORRUPTION STALWARTS Anna Hazare, Justice Santosh Hegde, and Attorney-General R. Venkataramani will be felicitated on January 16. Hazare’s activism was pivotal in Lokpal’s establishment. Hegde emphasized youth participation in fighting corruption. The Lokpal enforces anti-corruption measures under Section 14 of the Act.

News DECCAN VOLCANISM AND TROPICAL FLORA RESILIENCE A study by BSIP found that Deccan Volcanism led to short-term disruptions but ultimately promoted angiosperm diversification. Despite releasing greenhouse gases, tropical flora recovered swiftly. Scientists analyzed pollen, spores, and organic matter from Maharashtra’s 17m-thick sedimentary sequence.

News INDIA'S AGING WORKFORCE AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES By 2050, India's support ratio will match advanced economies, reducing economic benefits from demographics to 0.2 percentage points annually. Workforce participation, especially among women (29% vs. 50–70% in emerging economies), and productivity ($9/hour vs. $60 in high-income countries) must rise. India’s workforce is projected to reach 457.62 million by 2028.

News 77TH ARMY DAY HIGHLIGHTS PUNE’S MILITARY LEGACY The 77th Army Day parade in Pune reflects the city’s military significance, home to Southern Command, Bombay Engineer Group, NDA, and DRDO facilities. Key events include the all-women Agniveer contingent and themes like "Samarth Bharat, Saksham Sena," emphasizing national defence and empowerment.

News ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION RECONSTITUTED WITH NEW MEMBERS The government reconstituted the AEC, adding T.V. Somanathan and Manoj Govil as ex-officio members. Other members include prominent figures like Ajit Doval, P.K. Mishra, and Vikram Misri, alongside former leaders like M.R. Srinivasan and Anil Kakodkar. The changes emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to atomic energy.

News SANCTUARY PROTECTS ORPHANED CHIMPS IN CAMEROON Papaye International’s sanctuary in Douala-Edea National Park houses 34 orphaned chimps. Caretakers, like Fabrice Moudoungue, provide food and rehabilitation, helping them adapt to semi-wild environments while ensuring their safety from human threats. Chimps like Conso and Honey highlight the impact of daily care in their emotional and physical recovery.

News NOBEL-WINNING DISCOVERIES USING C. ELEGANS WORM Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun received the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discovery of microRNAs and their role in controlling gene expression. This discovery, made using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, highlights the nematode’s critical role in advancing biological research and understanding fundamental genetic mechanisms applicable to human biology.

News INDIA JOINS UN BIG DATA COMMITTEE India’s inclusion in the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data (UN-CEBD) underscores its global leadership in data science. By leveraging Big Data for sustainable development goals, India aims to modernize its statistical systems, integrate advanced technologies like IoT and satellite imagery, and enable real-time insights for evidence-based policymaking and governance.

News ENDANGERED GOLDEN LANGURS AT RISK IN ASSAM A golden langur was tragically killed on Assam’s National Highway 117, triggering protests by local villagers who mourn its death deeply. Recent fatalities, including electrocution and road accidents, have alarmed residents. They are demanding immediate action, including building hanging bridges and coating electric wires, to prevent further harm to this endangered species.

News IMD: 2024 WARMEST YEAR FOR INDIA AND GLOBE Global temperatures in 2024 exceeded 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, while India experienced a 1.2°C rise since 1901. India's tropical location and aerosol emissions reduced warming but did not eliminate the country's high climate vulnerability. Regional disparities, such as the Himalayas versus coastal regions, emphasize the varied impacts of climate change across India.

News TRIBAL MINISTRY SAFEGUARDS FOREST COMMUNITY RIGHTS The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has instructed states to resolve grievances related to unlawful evictions in tiger reserves. Under Section 4(2) of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006, forest-dwelling communities are safeguarded, ensuring their rights are recognized. Written gram sabha consent is mandatory for relocation, along with provisions for fair compensation and resettlement.

News INDIA ACHIEVES SELF-RELIANCE IN GENOMIC DATA Union Minister Jitendra Singh unveiled India’s first comprehensive genomic data set with 10,000 whole genome samples under Genome India project. This groundbreaking achievement enhances accessibility for researchers, strengthens personalized healthcare, and establishes India as a global leader in genomics. Supporting the nation’s bioeconomy, which grew from $10 billion in 2014 to $130 billion in 2024, this initiative promises significant advancements in biotechnology and medicine.

News SUPREME COURT APPROVES POWER PRIVATIZATION IN CHANDIGARH The Supreme Court has affirmed the government’s decision to privatize Chandigarh’s power distribution, paving the way for reform. Despite facing challenges such as employee protests and legal hurdles, the decision highlights the potential for efficiency gains. Delhi’s experience, marked by reduced power losses and enhanced infrastructure, serves as a successful model.

News ODISHA JOINS AYUSHMAN BHARAT HEALTHCARE SCHEME Odisha has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to integrate its Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana with the Ayushman Bharat scheme and become 27th state. Delhi and West Bengal have not joined AB PM-JAY. This convergence will provide annual health coverage of ₹5 lakh per family to 1.03 crore families. The initiative aims to improve healthcare accessibility and affordability for 86% of Odisha's population.

News INDIAN FISHERMEN DETAINED NEAR DIEGO GARCIA On January 9, 2025, 15 Indian fishermen, including eight from Tamil Nadu's Thoothoor, were detained near Diego Garcia for allegedly poaching in British Indian Ocean Territory waters. Their families, distressed by the news, sought government intervention. Diego Garcia, a strategically significant island, remains under British administration despite recent sovereignty negotiations with Mauritius.

News CONCERNS OVER RISING HYSTERECTOMY RATES IN INDIA The Supreme Court has raised concerns over the growing trend of unnecessary hysterectomies in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan, urging strict implementation of national health guidelines. This follows reports of exploitative practices under schemes like the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, emphasizing the need to regulate and prevent unwarranted medical procedures.

News CYCLONE DIKELEDI HITS MAYOTTE AFTER CHIDO Cyclone Dikeledi struck Mayotte on January 12, 2025, unleashing torrential rains and strong winds of 40–50 km/h, leading to significant flooding. The cyclone caused devastation in Madagascar, where three lives were lost during landfall, before advancing toward Mozambique, raising concerns over further destruction in the region. Landfall in Madagascar killed 3 people before moving toward Mozambique.

News LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI’S LEGACY OF INTEGRITY Shastri coined “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” during the 1965 Indo-Pak war, highlighting farmers and soldiers’ roles. He led India during food crises and war, introduced MSP, and signed the Tashkent Declaration. Shastri’s death in 1966 remains controversial due to the lack of a postmortem.

News VISHWA HINDI DIVAS 2025 HIGHLIGHTS UNITY Celebrated annually on January 10, Vishwa Hindi Divas 2025 will focus on 'A Global Voice of Unity and Cultural Pride.' This year highlights Hindi’s global significance with events organized by India’s Ministry of External Affairs. Stamps commemorating the day emphasize its importance. Hindi remains the world’s third most spoken language with 600+ million speakers.

News PM TO DEDICATE NAVAL COMBATANTS IN MUMBAI Prime Minister Modi will commission INS Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer at Mumbai Naval Dockyard. These advanced combatants showcase India’s growing defence manufacturing prowess, featuring state-of-the-art technology and significant indigenous content. INS Surat is the final P15B destroyer, INS Nilgiri leads the P17A stealth frigates, and INS Vaghsheer caps the P75 submarine series.

News INDIA SENDS AID TO CUBA POST-HURRICANE India provides essential medicines, including antibiotics and ORS, after Hurricane Rafael. Previous support includes $243 million in LoCs and renewable energy collaborations. This gesture underscores India’s commitment to global disaster relief, showcasing solidarity and compassion. By providing critical healthcare supplies during emergencies, India strengthens its role in fostering resilience and aiding recovery for vulnerable communities worldwide.

News IIT ROORKEE BREAKTHROUGH IN PLASTICIZER DEGRADATION Researchers at IIT Roorkee have developed an esterase enzyme capable of breaking down Diethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP), a harmful plasticizer, into safer byproducts. This innovation, paired with large-scale enzyme production using E. coli, offers a sustainable and efficient solution to tackle plasticizer pollution, paving the way for significant environmental benefits and reduced ecological harm.

News PMKSY-WDC BOOSTS WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS The government has sanctioned ₹700 crore for 56 projects covering 2.8 lakh hectares in 10 states, focusing on improving groundwater recharge, enhancing soil health, and boosting crop productivity. This initiative aims to address water scarcity, promote sustainable agriculture, and strengthen rural livelihoods by fostering efficient water management practices and ensuring long-term environmental benefits for communities.

News IRAN CONSIDERS MAKRAN AS NEW CAPITAL Iran is planning to shift its capital to Makran, a coastal region along the Arabian Sea, citing ecological and economic concerns. This move aims to address overpopulation and pollution in Tehran. Makran’s strategic location enhances its significance, being pivotal to global oil trade routes and fostering regional economic growth.

News SUPREME COURT REJECTS SAME-SEX MARRIAGE REVIEW The Supreme Court, through a five-judge bench, dismissed review petitions seeking legalization of same-sex marriage, reiterating that this issue falls outside judicial authority and rests with Parliament. Petitioners emphasized the need for equal rights, including family life for same-sex couples. The verdict underscores the judiciary’s limited role in legislative matters.

News LANDSLIDES IN WAYANAD: STUDY URGES ACTION A study by Indian and global institutions highlights the dynamic risks of debris flow in Wayanad, identifying highly vulnerable zones through advanced modeling techniques. Key findings emphasize the need for vulnerability mapping, restricting activities in high-risk areas, and establishing robust early-warning systems to prevent disasters and ensure community safety.

News INDIA-US RELATIONS DEEPENING AMID MIGRATION ISSUE EAM Jaishankar met US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, discussing emerging technologies, defense, free Indo-Pacific goals, and economic concerns. Issues like irregular migration and deportation of 18,000 Indians were emphasized. Trump criticized India's tariffs, calling them abusive. Jaishankar highlighted mutual strategic goals and exchanged views on global issues with NSA Mike Waltz.

News UPSC 2025 CSE NOTIFICATION: 979 POSTS RELEASED The UPSC CSE 2025 notification, released on January 22, offers 979 posts. The preliminary exam is scheduled for May 25, followed by descriptive mains on August 22. Details like syllabus and pattern are available on upsc.gov.in. The UPSC CSE offers posts such as IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS (IT), IRS (C&CE), IAAS, IDAS, ICAS, IIS, IPoS, IRTS, IRPS, IRAS, DANICS, DANIPS, Pondicherry Civil Service, and Pondicherry Police Service.

News 5G DEPLOYMENT FACES CHALLENGES AT MAHA KUMBH MELA As the 2025 Kumbh Mela anticipates 40 crore devotees, telecom operators are gearing up to handle unprecedented demand. To support this, they are deploying 78 mobile towers and 150 small cells, ensuring network stability in crowded areas. The challenge lies in optimizing the system for peak capacity, with preparations mirroring those for major events like G-20.

News SUPREME COURT ADDRESSES UNAUTHORISED RAILWAY E-TICKETING The Supreme Court declared unauthorized procurement of railway e-tickets as a "social crime" that disrupts India’s economy, stressing the need for prompt criminal action. The judgment reaffirmed Section 143 of the Railways Act, 1989, which prohibits unauthorized entities from selling e-tickets. The Court's decision came after two appeals concerning illegal ticketing activities.

News INDIA’S GLOBAL PASSPORT RANKING DROPS TO 85TH India's passport ranking fell to 85th in the 2025 Henley Passport Index, a five-point drop from last year. Singapore retains the top spot, followed by Japan. India’s worst performance was in 2021, ranking 90th, while its best was 71st in 2006. Countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh also saw slight drops.

News GROUNDBREAKING CRYO-BORN CORALS SUCCESSFULLY PLANTED Scientists have successfully planted the world’s first cryo-born baby corals on the Great Barrier Reef, marking a significant breakthrough in coral conservation. Using cryopreserved sperm and fresh eggs, researchers aim to restore coral reefs affected by climate change. This innovative technique holds potential to safeguard the reef, with plans for large-scale restoration globally in climate change.

News PM MODI INAUGURATES STRATEGIC SONAMARG TUNNEL IN KASHMIR PM Modi inaugurated the 6.4 km Sonamarg Tunnel, a significant achievement for Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh’s infrastructure. This tunnel, part of the all-weather connectivity initiative, connects with the Zojila Tunnel, ensuring year-round accessibility. It is expected to boost tourism, enhance security, and stimulate economic growth by improving transportation and trade across the region.

News THE GROWING WILDFIRE CRISIS IN CALIFORNIA The 2023 California wildfires, including the Palisades and Eaton fires, burned over 37,000 acres, killing 27 people and destroying 10,600 structures. Experts highlight the intensified fire risks due to rising temperatures, drought, and increased urban development. This shift marks a new, more severe wildfire paradigm, challenging firefighting strategies and safety measures.

News INDIA’S HARVEST FESTIVALS AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Harvest festivals celebrated on January 14 across India, such as Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and Lohri, hold immense cultural and religious importance. Regions like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Assam observe unique traditions like kite-flying, bonfires, and community feasts. President Droupadi Murmu extended warm greetings to citizens, highlighting the festivals' celebration of nature and gratitude for farmers.

News INDIA'S PUSH FOR SOVEREIGN AI STRATEGY AI advancements have seen remarkable growth, with models like ChatGPT now reaching 1.8 trillion parameters, up from just 340 million in 2018. India is investing in a Sovereign AI strategy, aiming to develop, control, and deploy its own AI capabilities. This initiative is vital for maintaining economic independence, data security, and national security in an increasingly competitive global landscape.

News DENOTIFIED TRIBES DEMAND CERTIFICATION AND REFORMS Despite launching the SEED (Scheme for Economic Empowerment of DNT/NT/SNT Communities) in 2022, challenges persist as caste certifications for DNTs are denied in 29 states. Implementation of welfare measures is limited, with only 7,000 Ayushman Cards issued and 3,000 housing applications sanctioned, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive efforts to address the socio-economic challenges faced by these communities.

News META SHIFTS TO COMMUNITY-LED FACT-CHECKING MODEL Meta has introduced a new Community Notes system in the U.S., replacing its existing partnerships with professional fact-checking organizations. This model relies on user contributions to assess and flag misinformation. Unlike previous collaborations, the system emphasizes community-driven accountability to reduce accusations of bias, marking a significant shift in Meta’s approach to fact-checking that might come in conflict with the Information Technology (IT) Rules, 2021, of India.

News CELEBRATING SWAMI VIVEKANANDA'S LEGACY ON YOUTH DAY January 12, Swami Vivekananda’s birth anniversary, was declared National Youth Day in 1984. Known for his 1893 Chicago Parliament of the World's Religions speech on religious tolerance and universal acceptance. Vivekananda later founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 and Belur Math in 1899, emphasizing spiritual enlightenment and social reform across India and beyond, inspiring generations.

News TRINIDAD DECLARES EMERGENCY AMID RISING VIOLENCE Following a December death toll of 67 and a record 2023 total of 623 murders, the government declared a state of emergency. Gang violence using high-caliber firearms has escalated, with 75% of weapons traced back to the U.S. Emergency measures include warrantless searches, a 48-hour detention period, and expanded powers for defense forces. The situation remains critical as the government prepares for possible extensions into Carnival season.

News DISCOVERY OF LONGEST TIDAL TAIL AND UDG FORMATION Astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and collaborators studied NGC 3785 and discovered the longest tidal tail ever recorded, measuring 1.27 million light years. This tidal tail contains star-forming clumps and is the site of a forming ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) at its tip, driven by gravitational interactions with a neighboring galaxy. The research, published in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters, advances the understanding of faint, low surface brightness galaxies.

News A DECADE OF NITI AAYOG NITI Aayog's key achievements include initiatives like the SDG Index, Aspirational Blocks Programme, Atal Innovation Mission, and focus on green technologies. However, challenges like inequality, stalled economic growth, and climate crises call for transparent policymaking rooted in ideas, evidence, and democratic dialogue.

News INDIA'S COMPRESSED BIOGAS (CBG) INITIATIVE India currently has 117 CBG plants, far below the target. The GOBARdhan Portal supports India's CBG initiative, enabling registration for biogas and CBG plant operations. The Department of Drinking Water developed the portal under MoJS, part of CBG initiative. The GOBARdhan portal lacks transparent, operational data on plant efficiency, production, and feedstock usage. Experts advocate better data sharing for informed policymaking to address challenges in feedstock management and by-product utilization.

News INDIA-US RELATIONS REACH NEW HEIGHTS During a visit to Delhi, US NSA Jake Sullivan reviewed collaborations in AI, quantum computing, and defense. The US will delist Indian nuclear entities, promoting nuclear cooperation and resilient energy supply chains. Updates to missile export controls and civil nuclear agreements further enhance the partnership, benefiting institutions like BARC.

News THE TODA TRIBE'S ANNUAL MODHWETH FESTIVAL Modhweth was celebrated at Muthanadu Mund on Sunday, with over 100 men from 14 clans gathering. Prayers, dances, and cultural rituals, including lifting an 80-kg greased boulder, marked the festival. Tourists, like Muhammad Ali from Bangalore, enjoyed experiencing Toda hospitality and traditions at the Moonpo Temple, a significant historical structure.

News WEF PREDICTS JOB MARKET SHIFTS BY 2030 WEF's report highlighted that by 2030, 170 million new jobs will emerge, with 92 million displaced, netting 78 million jobs. Fastest-growing roles include AI specialists, FinTech engineers, and big data experts. Declining roles include clerks and bank tellers. Farmworkers will add 35 million jobs due to green transition trends and climate change investments.

News SWITZERLAND ENFORCES CONTROVERSIAL PUBLIC BURQA BAN Effective January 1, 2025, Switzerland banned facial coverings in public, imposing fines of up to 1,000 francs. Exceptions include religious sites, health needs, and weather. The ban impacts around 30 women wearing niqabs in Switzerland's 8.6 million population. Critics, including Amnesty International, call it a violation of women's rights.

News DELAYED WEAK LA NIñA EMERGES IN PACIFIC La Niña, which emerged late in 2024, is weak and likely to dissipate by summer. It will bring dry weather to the U.S. South and wetter conditions to Indonesia, northern Australia, and southern Africa. Forecasters attribute the delay to warmer global ocean temperatures.

News 7.1 MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE STRIKES TIBETAN REGION On January 7, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck Tingry County, Tibet, 10 km below the surface. It killed 95 people, injured 130, and flattened hundreds of houses. Tremors were felt in Nepal, Bhutan, and India. The region is a gateway to Mt. Everest and includes sites of hydroelectric development.

News KīLAUEA VOLCANO'S ONGOING SUMMIT ERUPTION Kīlauea Volcano is located on the SE part of the Island of Hawaii, within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The summit eruption that began on December 23 entered its fourth episode on January 15, with lava fountains reaching heights of 90-100 meters. All activity remains confined within the summit caldera. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased to approximately 10,000 tonnes per day, leading to volcanic smog (vog) affecting nearby communities.

News ANJI KHAD BRIDGE: INDIA'S FIRST CABLE-STAYED RAIL BRIDGE The Anji Khad Bridge is located in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India, connecting the Katra and Reasi sections of the USBRL Project. The newly completed Anji Khad Bridge spans 725.5 meters with a main pylon standing 193 meters above its foundation. It connects Katra and Reasi, designed to withstand wind speeds up to 213 km/h and support train speeds of 100 km/h. Construction faced challenges due to the region's complex geology and seismic activity.

News INDIA'S PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES IN AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION Between 2019 and 2024, Indian cities achieved an average 27% reduction in PM2.5 levels. Notably, Varanasi led with a 76% reduction, followed by Moradabad at 58%. Despite these improvements, cities like Delhi and Byrnihat in Assam recorded PM2.5 levels of 107 µg/m³ and 127.3 µg/m³ respectively in 2024, remaining among the most polluted areas. Recognizing the need for further action, the NCAP revised its targets in 2022 to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels by 2026.

News MARINE FUNGI: HIDDEN DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL ROLES Recent studies reveal that marine fungi constitute approximately 5% of total ocean biomass. They inhabit diverse marine habitats, including associations with algae and cyanobacteria. Despite their ecological significance, limited research has been conducted due to the scarcity of specialists in marine mycology.

News POLAR VORTEX BRINGS SEVERE COLD TO THE U.S. In January 2025, a significant polar vortex disruption led to frigid temperatures across the United States, with forecasts indicating the coldest January in over a decade. Temperatures in Washington, D.C., were expected to drop to 22°F (−6°C) during President Trump's inauguration, marking the coldest swearing-in ceremony in 40 years.

News TAMIL NADU GOVERNOR WALKS OUT OVER NATIONAL ANTHEM DISPUTE On January 6, 2025, Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Assembly without delivering his customary address, citing "brazen disrespect" as the national anthem was not played at the beginning. The Raj Bhavan emphasized that respecting the national anthem is a fundamental duty enshrined in the Constitution.

News 18TH PRAVASI BHARATIYA DIVAS CELEBRATED IN ODISHA The 18th PBD Convention was held from January 8-10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, with the theme "Diaspora's Contribution to a Viksit Bharat." The event featured the inauguration of the Pravasi Bharatiya Express, a special tourist train for the diaspora, and exhibitions showcasing the Ramayana's legacy, technological contributions, diaspora evolution, and Odisha's heritage.

News INDIA TARGETS ₹20,000 CRORE IN ORGANIC EXPORTS Union Minister Piyush Goyal announced the potential to triple organic exports to ₹20,000 crore within three years. This statement was made during the launch of the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), which introduces new regulations to enhance clarity and align with global standards.

News INDIA ENGAGES TALIBAN IN HIGH-LEVEL TALKS On January 8, 2025, Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met Afghanistan's acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi in Dubai. This marked the first high-level bilateral engagement between India and the Taliban regime. Discussions covered India's security concerns, potential development projects, humanitarian assistance, and the use of Iran's Chabahar Port for trade. The Afghan side acknowledged India's security concerns, and both nations agreed to strengthen sports cooperation, particularly in cricket.

News INDIA STRENGTHENS DEFENCE TIES WITH MALDIVES On January 8, 2025, India's Defence Minister Rajnath Singh met with Maldivian Defence Minister Mohamed Ghassan Maumoon in New Delhi. During this meeting, India handed over defence equipment and stores, including utility vehicles and berthing equipment worth ₹35 crore, to the Maldives National Defence Forces (MNDF). Both sides discussed extending the lease of two Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) used for medical evacuations and addressed maritime security concerns, including the docking of foreign vessels in Maldivian waters.

News WTO CELEBRATES 30 YEARS, EYES REFORMS With 166 members and a 25% share of trade from developing economies, WTO continues to boost global commerce. Amid economic shocks like the 2008 crisis and COVID-19, its role remains critical. Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala emphasizes resilience through updated governance.

News INDONESIA JOINS BRICS TO STRENGTHEN ALLIANCES Indonesia, now the sixth BRICS member, aims to enhance partnerships among emerging economies. Approved in 2023 but delayed until post-2024 elections, Indonesia aligns with BRICS' goals of reforming global governance and fostering the Global South. President Prabowo Subianto leads the effort.

News V. NARAYANAN SUCCEEDS S. SOMANATH AT ISRO Dr. V. Narayanan, an expert in cryogenic propulsion, will lead ISRO starting January 14, 2025. With a focus on Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-4, and India's space station development, he inherits a busy agenda, including satellite launches for communication and navigation. ISRO targets a 10% share in the global space economy.

News UDISE+ REPORT REVEALS DECLINE IN SCHOOL ENROLMENT The UDISE+ 2023-24 report indicates a significant decline in student enrolment, dropping to 24.8 crore from 26.02 crore in 2018-19, a decrease of over one crore. This decline is attributed to improved data collection methods that eliminated duplicate entries.

News INDIA RELEASES DRAFT DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION RULES The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, for public consultation, aiming to operationalize the 2023 Act. The rules emphasize citizen empowerment, informed consent, data fiduciary responsibilities, and balance between innovation and regulation.

News CLIMATE CHANGE INTENSIFIES AFRICAN EASTERLY WAVES A study published in Communications Earth & Environment on January 2, 2025, indicates that climate change is projected to increase AEW activity over the Sahel–Sahara region by the end of the 21st century, potentially intensifying extreme rainfall events and affecting Saharan dust transport.

News KARNATAKA HIGH COURT INVALIDATES CENTRAL GREEN ENERGY RULES The Karnataka High Court invalidated the Central Government's Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022, ruling that the Centre lacked authority under the Electricity Act, 2003, to frame such rules, as this power is specifically granted to state commissions like Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC).

News SUPREME COURT CRITICIZES RTI VACANCIES On January 7, 2025, the Supreme Court criticized the Centre and States for delays in appointing Information Commissioners, noting eight vacancies in the Central Information Commission and 23,000 pending appeals. The Court demanded timelines for filling these positions to uphold citizens' rights.

News NHRC ADDRESSES MANUAL SCAVENGING CONCERNS On January 6, 2025, NHRC held a discussion in New Delhi, chaired by Justice V. Ramasubramanian, addressing ongoing manual scavenging issues. Concerns were raised over continued sanitation worker deaths, and the need for technological solutions like robotic sewer cleaning was emphasized.

News CHHATTISGARH INTEGRATES FORESTS INTO GREEN GDP Chhattisgarh, with 44% forest cover, becomes India's first state to link forest ecosystem services to Green GDP. This initiative quantifies benefits like carbon absorption, water conservation, and biodiversity, aiming to balance economic growth with ecological sustainability.

News PM MODI INAUGURATES NEW JAMMU RAILWAY DIVISION On January 6, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the new Jammu Railway Division, the 70th division of Indian Railways. This division covers 742.1 km, including the Pathankot-Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla section (423 km). The inauguration precedes the launch of direct train services to Kashmir, aiming to boost regional development and connectivity.

News INDIA'S FIRST ORGANIC FISHERIES CLUSTER LAUNCHED IN SIKKIM On January 6, 2024, Union Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh launched India's first organic fisheries cluster in Soreng District, Sikkim. This initiative aims to produce antibiotic-free, chemical-free, and pesticide-free organic fish for eco-conscious markets globally, aligning with the state's vision of promoting sustainable practices.

News PM MODI PAYS TRIBUTE ON GURU GOBIND SINGH'S PRAKASH UTSAV On January 6, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Guru Gobind Singh Ji on his Prakash Utsav, highlighting his teachings that inspire the building of a progressive, prosperous, and compassionate society.

News AMIT SHAH LAUNCHES BHARATPOL PORTAL FOR INTERPOL ACCESS On January 7, 2025, Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched the Bharatpol portal, developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). This platform enables central and state law enforcement agencies to connect with Interpol in real-time, streamlining international assistance and expediting investigations into transnational crimes.

News COMMITMENT TO QUALITY EMPHASIZED ON BIS FOUNDATION DAY On its 78th Foundation Day (January 6th, 2025), Union Minister Pralhad Joshi highlighted the government's commitment to quality, noting that 94% of Indian standards align with international norms. He emphasized expanding Quality Control Orders (QCOs) and the importance of producing eco-friendly products with zero defects.

News EVOLUTION OF WILDLIFE TRANQUILIZATION TECHNIQUES The recent sedation and capture of tigress Zeenat in West Bengal highlight advancements in tranquilization techniques. Modern methods utilize tranquilizer guns with drugs like Xylazine and Ketamine, ensuring humane and efficient wildlife management.

News AGRICULTURE MINISTER URGES INTENSIFIED EFFORTS IN OIL PALM CULTIVATION Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan urged states to intensify efforts under NMEO-OP, aiming to bring 650,000 hectares under oil palm plantations by 2025-26. He highlighted underutilization of funds and delays in achieving targets, emphasizing the need for resource mobilization and addressing bottlenecks.

News SUPREME COURT ADVOCATES PERIODIC LEGISLATIVE REVIEWS The Supreme Court emphasized the necessity of periodic legislative reviews to assess laws' effectiveness, suggesting intervals of 20, 25, or 50 years. This arose during Maneka Gandhi's plea challenging the 45-day limitation under Section 81 of the Act. The Court proposed establishing an expert body to evaluate laws and identify deficiencies.

News TAMIL NADU OFFERS $1 MILLION FOR INDUS SCRIPT DECIPHERMENT Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has announced a $1 million prize for deciphering the Indus script. A recent state study found parallels between over 90% of South Indian graffiti marks and those of the Indus Valley Civilization, suggesting potential linguistic connections.

News INDIA'S HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION SURVEY 2023-24 FINDINGS The 2023-24 survey reports an average Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) of ₹4,122 in rural areas and ₹6,996 in urban areas. Non-food items constitute 53% of rural and 60% of urban expenditures. The urban-rural spending gap has narrowed to 70%, indicating converging consumption patterns.

News UJALA SCHEME CELEBRATES 10 YEARS OF SUCCESS As of January 6, 2025, over 36 crore LED bulbs have been distributed nationwide under UJALA scheme, resulting in significant energy savings and reduced carbon emissions. The scheme has lowered LED bulb prices from ₹300-350 to ₹70-80, making energy-efficient lighting accessible to millions.

News SAVITRIBAI PHULE'S PIONEERING LEGACY On her 193rd birth anniversary (January 3, 1831), we remember Savitribai's monumental contributions: establishing India's first girls' school in 1848, founding 18 schools, and advocating for the upliftment of marginalized communities. Her literary works, including "Kavya Phule" (1854) and "Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar" (1892), reflect her commitment to social reform. Her legacy continues to inspire movements for gender equality and education.

News DINOSAUR HIGHWAY: OXFORDSHIRE FOOTPRINTS DISCOVERY In January 2025, scientists announced 200 new footprints, dating to 166 million years ago (Middle Jurassic). These include five trackways, with sauropods (Cetiosaurus) and a carnivore (Megalosaurus). Footprints suggest herding behavior and predator-prey interactions. The Megalosaurus discovery coincides with its 200-year study anniversary, adding historical significance.

News HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS (HMPV) RAISES GLOBAL CONCERNS Unverified social media posts claim overcrowded hospitals in China due to HMPV, influenza, and COVID-19. WHO has not confirmed a crisis. HMPV affects children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. It causes cold-like symptoms, resolving in 2–5 days, with severe cases in 5–16% leading to pneumonia or bronchitis.

News DSIR CELEBRATES 40 YEARS OF INNOVATION The 40th Foundation Day (January 4, 1985) of Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) features the exchange of technology between CSIR and Laghu Udyog Bharati (LUB), representing over 51,000 members in 575 districts. Programs like PRISM, PACE, and CRTDH support MSMEs, innovation, and women’s empowerment. DSIR also administers CSIR, NRDC, CEL, and UN-ESCAP’s APCTT.

News WORLD BRAILLE DAY HIGHLIGHTS SCRIPT'S RELEVANCE Visual impairment advocates emphasize Braille's ongoing relevance despite AI tools. Rehabilitation workers stress its importance for independence in accessing spaces like ATMs and Metro stations. Students often shift to voice-recorded classes post-school. Experts warn against neglecting Braille, noting its role in accurate spelling and hope for seniors losing sight.

News CBI CAN FILE FIRS WITHOUT STATE CONSENT: SC The Supreme Court ruled that the CBI does not need state consent to file FIRs against central government officials. This decision clarifies the agency's authority, allowing it to proceed with investigations involving central officials without awaiting state approval, thereby expediting the legal process.

News LEADS 2024 DRIVES LOGISTICS EXCELLENCE The 6th Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report emphasized infrastructure, regulatory environment, services, and sustainable logistics. Gujarat, Karnataka, and Assam ranked top in respective categories. LEAPS 2024 awards celebrated achievements in logistics services, technology, and education. Minister Piyush Goyal launched initiatives like the PM GatiShakti Course and a framework for logistics cost assessment.

News RURAL POVERTY DECLINES TO 4.86% IN FY24 SBI research indicates a significant decline in rural poverty to 4.86% in FY24 from 25.7% in 2011-12. Urban poverty also decreased to 4.09% from 13.7% in the same period. Enhanced consumption growth, infrastructure development, and government initiatives have contributed to narrowing the rural-urban income gap.

News DRDO HIGHLIGHTS 2024 ACHIEVEMENTS AND INITIATIVES In 2024, DRDO achieved notable successes with awards for projects like DHARASHAKTI and ALWT. Key developments included systems worth ₹1.10 lakh crore, groundbreaking patents, and academia-industry collaborations under 15 DRDO Industry Academia Centres of Excellence. Infrastructure advancements, such as a new missile test range in Andhra Pradesh and VR-based applications in Jodhpur, further strengthened DRDO’s capabilities.

News PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION POLICIES FACE CHALLENGES Lancet study analyses highlight that traditional public health nutrition policies may lack novelty and precise targeting, leading to suboptimal outcomes. Critics argue that broad, one-size-fits-all approaches fail to address specific community needs and behaviors. Voluntary health star rating systems in countries like Australia have fallen short of targets, with only one-third of supermarket products displaying ratings in 2023, against a 70% target set for November 2025.

News ARTESIAN WATER GUSHES IN JAISALMER VILLAGE Recently, Taranagar village tubewell drilling reached a depth of approximately 850 feet, causing the ground to collapse and releasing a high-pressure stream of water that shot up four feet into the air. This phenomenon, known as an artesian condition, occurs when confined aquifers are under pressure, leading to water rising to the surface without pumping.

News TRAINING FOR OVER 500 WOMEN LOCAL BODY REPRESENTATIVES Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 program empowers 502 tribal women, commemorating Birsa Munda's 150th birth anniversary, launched by the Lok Sabha Speaker. These women representatives from local bodies are set to receive a crash course in parliamentary procedures. This training aims to equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively participate in governance, thereby strengthening grassroots democracy.

News KERALA MONK ADVOCATES ENDING TEMPLE DRESS CODE FOR MEN A Hindu monk in Kerala has called for abolishing the practice of men removing their shirts in temples, describing it as outdated. The monk argues that such dress codes should evolve with time to reflect contemporary societal norms and ensure inclusivity.

News WINTER CHAR DHAM YATRA IN UTTARAKHAND Uttarakhand has introduced the concept of a Winter Char Dham Yatra, allowing devotees to visit the idols of the four deities relocated to their winter abodes. This initiative aims to promote year-round tourism and provide devotees with an opportunity to engage in the pilgrimage during the winter season.

News HYDROGEL DEVELOPED FOR TARGETED BREAST CANCER THERAPY Researchers have developed a novel hydrogel designed for targeted breast cancer therapy. This hydrogel can be injected directly into the tumor site, releasing therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. The localized treatment aims to minimize side effects and improve patient outcomes by concentrating the therapeutic effect on cancerous tissues while sparing healthy cells.

News ARUNACHAL PRADESH REVIVES 1978 ANTI-CONVERSION LAW The Arunachal Pradesh government is formulating rules to implement the dormant 1978 Act, aiming to prevent forced religious conversions. The Act mandates reporting of conversions and includes indigenous faiths, raising concerns among Christian groups about potential misuse and implications for religious freedom.

News ONDC EMPOWERS SMALL BUSINESSES IN E-COMMERCE Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlights the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) as a transformative initiative enabling SMEs to compete in the digital marketplace. ONDC facilitates interoperability and inclusivity, allowing local businesses to reach a broader consumer base. This democratization of e-commerce aims to create a level playing field for all market participants.

News PANEL RECOMMENDS THIRD-PARTY AUDIT FOR SMART CITIES A parliamentary standing committee has recommended a third-party assessment of projects under the Smart Cities Mission to identify and address gaps before initiating the next phase. As of June 15, work orders for all 8,010 projects worth around ₹1.64 trillion have been issued, with 7,151 projects worth ₹1.43 trillion completed. The committee noted slower progress in smaller cities and emphasized the need for capacity building in urban local bodies.

News CISF REPORTS 40 PERCENT DECLINE IN PERSONNEL DEATHS Recent data indicates a significant 40% reduction in deaths among CISF personnel. This improvement is attributed to enhanced health initiatives, better working conditions, and increased access to medical facilities. The force's commitment to personnel welfare has played a crucial role in this positive trend.

News BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY TOXIC WASTE FINALLY REMOVED On January 1, 2025, authorities transported 337 metric tonnes of toxic waste from the Bhopal site to Pithampur for incineration. The waste was moved in 12 sealed containers over a 250 km distance, marking a significant step in addressing the disaster's environmental aftermath.

News KARNATAKA HC ALLOWS GENDER CHANGES ON BIRTH CERTIFICATES The Karnataka High Court directed the Registrar of Births and Deaths to amend birth certificates to reflect transgender individuals' chosen names and genders upon presentation of a valid certificate under the 2019 Act. This ruling came after a transgender woman's request to change her birth certificate was initially denied, highlighting the need for official documents to align with individuals' gender identities.

News SUPREME COURT UPHOLDS ELDERLY RIGHTS WITH PROPERTY RULING The Supreme Court ruled that tribunals under the 2007 Act can annul property transfers if children fail to care for their elderly parents. This decision came as the Court restored a property to a mother whose son neglected her after receiving it through a gift deed. The Court emphasized that the Act is a beneficial legislation aimed at securing the rights of senior citizens.

News 2025 DECLARED AS AI YEAR IN INDIA The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has designated 2025 as the "Year of Artificial Intelligence," aiming to integrate AI into over 14,000 colleges and benefit 40 million students nationwide. Initiatives include introducing interdisciplinary AI courses, establishing AI labs in collaboration with industries, promoting ethical AI practices, and launching nationwide awareness campaigns.

News INDIA INITIATES LARGEST TIGER TRANSLOCATION EFFORT The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has approved the translocation of 15 tigers from Madhya Pradesh to Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. This initiative, the largest of its kind from a single state, involves relocating tigers from Bandhavgarh, Pench, and Kanha Tiger Reserves. The distribution includes four tigresses to Rajasthan, two tigers and six tigresses to Chhattisgarh, and one male tiger and two tigresses to Odisha. Recipient states will bear the translocation expenses.

News CENJOWS-NDMA PACT FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (CENJOWS) and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) signed an MoU to enhance disaster management through research, capacity building, awareness campaigns, and international collaborations. The partnership leverages joint research to develop actionable policy recommendations for resilience at national and global levels, supported by seminars and training programs.

News VAIKOM MEMORIAL OF PERIYAR GETS RENOVATED Kerala CM Vijayan and Tamil Nadu CM Stalin will inaugurate the renovated ₹8.14 crore Periyar memorial at Vaikom on December 12, 2024. The revamped museum showcases Periyar’s biography, Dravidian movement history, and his writings. The original structure, established in 1994, was modernized to a two-story building with upgraded facilities.

News INDIA-PAKISTAN EXCHANGE LISTS OF PRISONERS, NUCLEAR SITES On January 1, 2025, India and Pakistan exchanged lists of 462 prisoners and fishermen. India seeks consular access for 18 nationals and repatriation of 183 detainees. Both countries also exchanged nuclear installation lists for the 34th consecutive year, honoring a 1991 non-attack pact amid tense bilateral relations.

News CABINET EXTENDS DAP SUBSIDY, APPROVES INSURANCE The DAP fertilizer subsidy, ₹3,500/tonne, extends from January 1, 2025. The ₹69,515.71 crore PM Fasal Bima Yojana continues until 2025-26. Additionally, the ₹824.77 crore FIAT Fund aims to improve insurance technologies, with WINDS weather data upgrades starting 2024-25. An MoU with Indonesia enables 1 million tonnes of non-basmati rice trade annually.

News ASI DECODES ANCIENT SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION IN GILGIT (POK) An ancient Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script was found in Gilgit, Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, detailing a Mahesvaralinga installation by Pushpasingha for his guru’s merit. Previously, a 10th-century Sharada-script Sanskrit fragment, referring to Buddhist chants, was found near Peshawar and decoded by the ASI.

News NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS 2024 ANNOUNCED Awardees include Gukesh D (Chess) and Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey) for Khel Ratna. Arjuna Awards went to athletes like Jyothi Yarraji and Nitu. Chandigarh University won the MAKA Trophy. Coaches like Subhash Rana (Para-Shooting) received Dronacharya Awards. The awards will be presented on January 17, 2025, by the President.

News SUPREME COURT URGES CENTRE ON FARMER GRIEVANCES The Supreme Court urged the Centre to address farmers’ grievances, as farmer leader Jagjit Singh Dallewal demands implementation of 2021 promises, including MSP guarantees. Farmers, stationed at Punjab-Haryana borders since February 2024, seek resolution. A high-powered committee is scheduled to hold talks on January 3, 2025, involving multiple stakeholders.

News RURAL MINISTRY TARGETS POVERTY-FREE VILLAGES The ministry aims to make villages poverty-free by setting monthly targets. Under PM Awas Yojana (2024-29), 2 crore additional houses will be built, with 31.65 lakh already sanctioned and 4.19 lakh completed by December 2024. A ₹54,500 crore budget, the highest ever, supports these efforts, alongside new apps for monitoring progress.

News NTPC EXPLORES THORIUM-BASED NUCLEAR ENERGY SOLUTIONS NTPC partnered with US-based Clean Core Thorium Energy to develop Aneel, a thorium-based fuel for pressurized heavy-water reactors (PHWRs). Aneel combines thorium with enriched uranium, reducing nuclear waste and costs while enhancing energy output and safety. The collaboration awaits government approval. Thorium utilization could bolster India’s energy security using indigenous resources.

News MOUNT KANLAON ERUPTION FORCES EVACUATIONS IN PHILIPPINES A major eruption of Mount Kanlaon on Negros island produced a three-kilometer-high ash plume, prompting 100 evacuations. Authorities raised the alert level to three, evacuating villages within six kilometers of the crater. The eruption caused pyroclastic flows, disrupted visibility, and heightened health concerns due to ashfall.

News ISRO'S POLAR SUNDIAL WITH ROCKET DESIGN AT VSSC VSSC designed a polar sundial with a 1.6 ft 3D-printed RH200 rocket as the style. It provides Indian Standard Time (IST) with analemmatic correction. Officially installed in November 2023 at the Rocket Garden, the sundial plate aligns with the Earth's polar axis and equatorial plane for precision.

News NPCI EXTENDS UPI VOLUME CAP DEADLINE AGAIN NPCI extended the compliance deadline for UPI apps to December 2026, citing user loyalty and economic viability. UPI apps like PhonePe and Google Pay dominate, with 48.4% and 37.6% transaction volumes, respectively. UPI transactions reached 15.48 billion in November 2024, up 38% year-on-year, totaling ₹21.55 trillion in value.

News SENIOR ADVOCATES: PILLARS OF SUPREME COURT ADVOCACY In 2023, 116 new Senior Advocates were designated, adding to 639 practitioners. With a 59.6% case admission success rate, they influence high-stakes cases. The 2017 reforms introduced transparency by including objective criteria like judgments and academic contributions. Critics fear populism, but younger lawyers see inclusivity and better representation for women and first-generation advocates.

News ULTRABLACK VELVET ANTS: CAN BECOME INVISIBLE? A study identified Traumatomutilla bifurca as the first Hymenoptera species with ultrablack pigmentation, absorbing nearly 99.5% of visible and UV light. This ultrablack results from unique hair and platelet structures in their exoskeleton. Female velvet ants are darker than other ultrablack insects, potentially aiding predator defense despite their existing defenses like hard exoskeletons and painful stings.

News DECLINE OF PRIVATE MEMBERS' BILLS IN INDIA The 17th Lok Sabha spent 9.08 hours on Private Members’ Bills and 16.43 hours on Resolutions. In the 18th Lok Sabha's initial two sessions, only 0.15 hours were spent on Bills. Critics argue that neglecting these Bills curtails MPs' independence. Suggestions include rescheduling Private Members' business to midweek.

News STRENGTHENING INDIA-LATIN AMERICA TRADE TIES India’s trade with Latin America reached $43.22 billion in 2023, lagging behind China’s $487.2 billion. Key commodities traded include petroleum oils and gold, with Brazil as India's leading partner. India's exports to Latin America totaled $20.09 billion, while imports amounted to $22.93 billion, showcasing strong but imbalanced trade ties.

News THE SOVIET UNION'S RISE AND DISSOLUTION The Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991 due to internal economic stagnation, Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms, rising nationalist movements, and external pressures like the Cold War and arms race. The event reshaped global geopolitics, impacting the balance of power and influencing conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war.

News YEAR OF REFORMS: MOD’S 2025 VISION Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh declares 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms.’ Focus areas include AI, hypersonics, space, joint operational capabilities, export readiness, public-private collaboration, and welfare optimisation for veterans. Acquisition simplification and civil-military coordination are critical to achieving a combat-ready, multi-domain force.

News DIGITAL LAND RECORDS: INDIA’S ULPIN REVOLUTION India’s Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) assigns a unique 14-digit code to land parcels. Over 98.5% of land records digitised & cadastral maps in 11 states updated. Challenges remain, especially in the Northeast, due to outdated records and community land ownership. States like Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat lead with innovative approaches, including drone-based resurveying.

News JANUARY 1, 1983: BIRTH OF THE INTERNET January 1, 1983, marked ARPANET's full transition to TCP/IP, revolutionizing data transfer and enabling scalable global networks. TCP/IP standardized communication, breaking barriers across geographical and technological divides, transforming ARPANET into the foundation of the Internet.

News GAS CUTOFF FROM UKRAINE AFFECTS MOLDOVA AND BEYOND On New Year's Day 2024, Ukraine halted Russian gas transit, straining Moldova and creating a crisis in Transnistria. Moldova braces for power cuts as electricity, sourced 80% from Transnistria, risks disruption. Economic instability, debt disputes, and Russian attempts to destabilize Moldova ahead of 2025 elections are escalating.

News MEMORIAL DEBATE FOR FORMER PM MANMOHAN SINGH Cremated at Nigambodh Ghat, Singh’s funeral marked a departure from past practices for former PMs. Congress demanded a memorial, criticizing delays. The government has assured space allocation, citing procedural requirements, while Vajpayee’s memorial timeline is referenced for comparison.

News GROWTH IN INDIA’S CORE INDUSTRIES IN 2024 November 2024 saw 4.3% growth in ICI, with significant gains in cement (13.0%), coal (7.5%), and steel (4.8%). Cumulative growth for April-November 2024-25 stands at 4.2%. However, crude oil and natural gas production declined by 2.1% and 1.9%, respectively, reflecting challenges in fossil fuel sectors.

News INDIA’S MALARIA ELIMINATION PROGRESS TILL 2024 India’s transition out of the WHO's High Burden to High Impact group in 2024 showcases success in malaria control. Efforts include Integrated Vector Management, strengthened surveillance, community integration, and capacity building. With 24 states now reporting minimal cases and 122 districts achieving zero cases, India targets malaria-free status by 2030.

News VIKRAM SARABHAI’S LEGACY IN INDIAN SCIENCE Known as the "Mahatma Gandhi of Indian Science," Sarabhai’s legacy includes founding ISRO’s precursor and fostering India’s nuclear and space programs. He spearheaded the first sounding rocket launch in 1967, initiated Indo-US satellite projects, and promoted research-based business applications, such as Sarabhai Chemicals and Sarabhai Research Centre.

News INDIA'S DATA CENTRE INDUSTRY: SCALING NEW HEIGHTS India’s data centre capacity will exceed 2 GW by FY27 from 950 MW in FY24, requiring ₹50,000-65,000 crore investment. Key players like AWS, Microsoft, and Google are expanding operations, supported by AI-driven demand, 5G rollout, and improved infrastructure. Smaller cities like Pune and Vizag are emerging hubs alongside Mumbai.

News ACCELERATING WIND ENERGY GROWTH IN INDIA Challenges like land scarcity and right-of-way issues have hindered progress. Only 3.25 GW of wind capacity was added in FY24 against a 5.39 GW target. Hybrid wind-solar plants and offshore projects are gaining traction. Recent government efforts include consolidating 16.5 million hectares of barren land and providing viability gap funding for offshore wind energy.

News GROUNDWATER NITRATE CONTAMINATION RISES ACROSS INDIA CGWB Report said as of 2023, 56% of India’s districts (440) report nitrate levels above the safe limit of 45 mg/l, up from 359 in 2017. Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are worst-affected. Groundwater contamination by uranium and fluoride also persists, with Rajasthan and Punjab showing the highest uranium levels.

News QUAD NATIONS REAFFIRM INDO-PACIFIC COMMITMENT Marking 20 years of cooperation, Quad foreign ministers reiterated their vision for a free, peaceful Indo-Pacific, supporting ASEAN unity and regional partnerships. The Quad aims to tackle climate change, infrastructure, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies. India will host the next Quad Summit in the second half of 2025.

News INDIA-NEPAL EXERCISE SURYA KIRAN STRENGTHENS TIES The 18th edition commenced on December 26, 2024, at Saljhandi, Nepal, with 334 Indian personnel led by the 11th Gorkha Rifles. Focused on counter-terrorism, jungle warfare, and disaster relief, the exercise aims to enhance operational preparedness, combat skills, and environmental conservation. Recent visits by both nations' Army Chiefs underscore mutual security goals.

News KONERU HUMPY RECLAIMS WORLD RAPID CHESS TITLE On December 29, 2024, Humpy clinched her second title with 8.5 points, defeating Irene Sukandar. She surpassed six joint leaders, including compatriot D. Harika. In the men’s event, Russia's Volodar Murzin triumphed with 10 points. Among Indians, Arjun Erigaisi secured fifth place with nine points, highlighting India’s competitive presence.

News PLASTIC-FREE VEMBANAD DRIVE TO REJUVENATE LAKE Alappuzha will launch a plastic cleaning drive in January as part of the Vembanad rejuvenation project. Ten hotspots will undergo intensive cleaning, involving local bodies, fisher communities, and volunteers. Activities include aquatic weed reuse, bio-shield creation, community tourism, and fish seed stocking. A study highlights the lake’s critical condition, impacting eight million livelihoods.

News SHIVAJI STATUE NEAR PANGONG TSO SPARKS DEBATE On December 26, a Maratha unit unveiled Shivaji’s statue near Pangong Lake at 14,300 feet. Locals and veterans criticized the decision, favoring regional figures like Zorawar Singh. Officials clarified it wasn’t an official directive but a unit-led initiative. Similar installations occurred in Kupwara, with a 10.5-foot statue unveiled in November 2023.

News GLOBAL POLIOVIRUS RESURGENCE SPURS VACCINE DEBATE HO reports poliovirus in wastewater across five European countries, Pakistan, and Africa, linked to Nigeria’s strain. Vaccine-derived polio cases and environmental detections highlight immunity gaps, despite 85–95% immunization coverage. Experts argue for replacing oral polio vaccine (OPV) with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) to prevent virus transmission and future outbreaks.

News H-1B VISA CONTROVERSY DIVIDES TRUMP SUPPORTERS Sriram Krishnan’s (AI Advisor to President Trump) pro-immigration stance has sparked infighting among Trump supporters. Indians dominate H-1B approvals, with over 70% receiving salaries below $100,000 annually, fueling criticism from nativists. Elon Musk supports H-1B but calls for reforms like salary increases and higher costs for companies hiring foreign workers to reduce exploitation.

News INDIA'S TRANSFORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE JOURNEY: PAST TO FUTURE India’s infrastructure has seen remarkable growth, with 146,000 km of national highways, major aviation expansion (22,484 weekly flights), and investments in ports and bullet trains. However, challenges remain, such as the shelving of the Bharatmala project, slow railway growth (68,584 km), and safety concerns across sectors.

News INDIA’S CHALLENGES IN WORLD BANK B-READY India’s inclusion in B-READY faces hurdles like slow labour code implementation, customs inefficiencies, and high logistics costs. While scoring moderately in business entry and labour regulations, India is strong in public service effectiveness and operational efficiency. Global comparisons highlight areas for improvement in trade and digital integration.

News ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE’S LEGACY The League spearheaded India's partition with the 1940 Lahore Resolution, calling for independent Muslim states. Key events include the 1916 Lucknow Pact with Congress and its transformation into a mass political organization. Its legacy persists in shaping narratives on political representation and identity in the subcontinent.

News IPBES REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE IPBES report 2023 emphasizes the urgency of transformative change to halt biodiversity loss. Delays could double costs. Sustainable approaches could unlock $10 trillion and 395 million jobs by 2030. Key strategies include conservation, systemic economic reforms, inclusive governance, and fostering human-nature interconnectedness. Action requires equity, justice, and collaboration across sectors.

News KASHMIR'S PAPIER MACHE ART REVIVES THE DODO Artisans in Srinagar's karkhanas craft vibrant papier mache dodos, symbolizing deforestation's impact. Over 50,000 dodos were exported this year, mainly to Mauritius. These colorful creations include floral and forest prints, blending art with awareness. Large-sized dodos take 5–10 days to craft, reviving the memory of the extinct bird globally.

News ISRO’S SPADEX MISSION PIONEERS SPACE DOCKING The PSLV-C60 launch the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDex) tonight on 30th December 2024, deploying two 220-kg satellites, Chaser (SDX01) and Target (SDX02), into a 740 km orbit. These satellites will perform intricate docking maneuvers over 10 days post-launch. This indigenous technology supports ISRO’s goal of building the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), with its first module scheduled for 2028.

News UNSC APPROVES NEW AFRICAN FORCE FOR SOMALIA The UN Security Council approved the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM), replacing the outgoing mission from December 31. Egypt and 11,000 pledged troops will join. Ethiopia's troops are excluded due to regional tensions despite Turkey’s recent mediation. The US abstained, citing funding concerns for potential UN support.

News INDIA'S E-WASTE GENERATION AND RECYCLING CONCERNS India recycled 43% of its e-waste in 2023-24, up from 22% in 2019-20, but 57%- 990,000 MT- remains unprocessed. Hazardous e-waste poses environmental and health risks. Updated E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, emphasize Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for proper recycling, but informal sector integration and sustainable product design need attention.

News RBI HIGHLIGHTS BANKING CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS The RBI urged banks to address employee attrition strategically through training, better benefits, and a supportive workplace. Concerns over "dark patterns" in user interfaces and risks from unchecked top-up loans were highlighted. Meanwhile, banking performance improved: GNPA ratio fell to 2.5% (September 2024), and profitability rose with RoA at 1.4% and RoE at 14.6%.

News SRI LANKAN PRESIDENT VISITS INDIA FOR STRATEGIC TALKS Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s first foreign visit included discussions with PM Modi, EAM Jaishankar, and NSA Ajit Doval on trade, maritime security, and Tamil rights. He will attend a business event in Delhi and visit Bodh Gaya. India aims to strengthen economic and strategic ties amid regional security concerns.

News JUSTICE V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN APPOINTED NHRC CHIEF On December 23, 2024, Justice V. Ramasubramanian, retired Supreme Court judge, was appointed NHRC chairperson by the President. A high-power committee, including PM Modi and opposition leaders Mallikarjun Kharge and Rahul Gandhi, finalized the selection. Justice Ramasubramanian has an illustrious judicial career with 102 Supreme Court judgments.

News DARK MATTER'S MASS LIMIT UPDATED SIGNIFICANTLY In May 2024, physicists revised the minimum mass of dark matter particles from 10⁻³¹ to 2.3 × 10⁻³⁰ proton masses. Using data from the Leo II dwarf galaxy and advanced computational models, they determined denser inner regions require heavier particles, challenging earlier assumptions and refining dark matter's role in cosmic structure.

News FORMER PRIME MINISTER MANMOHAN SINGH PASSES AWAY Dr. Singh passed away on December 26, 2024, at AIIMS, Delhi, due to age-related conditions. The government declared a seven-day national mourning. Tributes poured in from leaders, including PM Modi and President Murmu. Congress sought a memorial at his funeral site, while the government assured a designated memorial later.

News YEMEN'S HOUTHI REBELS ATTACK ISRAEL WITH MISSILE Houthi rebels launched a "Palestine 2" hypersonic missile and two drones at Tel Aviv and Ashkelon, intercepted by Israel's defense systems. No casualties occurred. This follows recent Houthi strikes, including a Tel Aviv attack wounding 16, intensifying Israel's retaliatory stance. Sirens and precautions covered central and southern Israel.

News AZERBAIJAN AIRLINES CRASH CLAIMS 38 LIVES An Azerbaijan Airlines Embraer 190 plane, with 67 people onboard, crashed near Kazakhstan's Aktau, killing 38. Fog and a bird strike are suspected causes. Survivors, including 32 passengers, are receiving aid. Investigations are underway with teams from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Flights to Russia's Chechnya region are suspended temporarily.

News INDIA’S NATIONAL QUANTUM MISSION AND QUANTUM SATELLITE India plans to launch a quantum satellite within 2-3 years for secure quantum communications under the NQM, which has a total budget of ₹6,000 crore (2023-2031). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), using quantum physics principles like entanglement and measurement, ensures secure message exchanges. Currently, China leads with three quantum satellites and robust networks.

News MODI’S LANDMARK VISIT TO KUWAIT: STRENGTHENING BILATERAL TIES Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit to Kuwait, the first in 43 years by an Indian PM, focuses on enhancing trade, energy, and people-to-people ties. Kuwait is India’s sixth-largest crude supplier, accounting for 3% of its energy needs, with bilateral trade valued at USD 10.47 billion in FY 2023-24.

News MARINE HEATWAVE KILLS 4 MILLION SEABIRDS Alaska | The marine heatwave caused a 50% murre population drop, with no recovery after seven years. Warmer waters disrupted food webs. Climate change escalates marine heatwave frequency and intensity, causing long-term ecosystem damage.

News SUPREME COURT BROADENS NIA INVESTIGATIVE SCOPE The Supreme Court ruled NIA can investigate non-scheduled offences linked to scheduled ones, expanding its mandate. It upheld NIA's role in probing linked NDPS (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985) cases alongside UAPA violations, establishing nexus-based investigation authority.

News GLOBAL DIARRHEAL DEATHS DROP BY 60 PERCENT Despite progress, children under five and the elderly remain vulnerable. DALYs fell from 186 million in 1990 to 59 million in 2021. Key interventions like vaccines, sanitation, and oral rehydration therapy proved effective. Poor water quality and child growth failure remain major risk factors.

News RBI RAISES COLLATERAL-FREE LOAN LIMIT FOR FARMERS Effective January 1, 2025, collateral-free loans rise to ₹2 lakh, benefitting 86% of small and marginal farmers. This complements the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme and interest subvention program, enhancing credit access amid rising input costs and improving financial inclusion.

News SEBI UNVEILS SPECIALISED INVESTMENT FUND (SIF) REGULATIONS SEBI's new regulations cap SIF expenses like mutual funds and set a ₹10 lakh minimum investment (₹5 lakh for accredited investors). SIFs offer flexible strategies, subject to asset caps: 20% for single-issuer debt and 15% for equity. They require branding differentiation from mutual funds.

News SUPREME COURT ADVOCATES POLICY FOR SACRED GROVES The Supreme Court directed the Union government to frame policies to protect sacred groves, highlighting their cultural and ecological value. Rajasthan must map and classify groves as forests, ensuring legal protection. A five-member panel will oversee implementation. Examples like Piplantri village showcase community-led conservation efforts.

News RAJYA SABHA PASSES OILFIELDS AMENDMENT BILL The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, redefines “mineral oils,” introduces petroleum leases, encourages private investments, and replaces criminal penalties with fines up to ₹25 lakh. It limits state powers over mining leases, raising concerns about centralization and environmental risks. However, it also enhances regulations to promote renewable energy projects and curb emissions.

News LOAN WRITE-OFFS CUT NPAS, RECOVERIES MINIMAL RBI data shows banks recovered only 18.7% of written-off loans in five years, leaving over Rs 8 lakh crore unrecovered. Public sector banks performed most write-offs. Government insists write-offs don’t absolve borrower liability. Write-offs are balance-sheet management tools enabling higher provisions and recovery attempts.

News PARLIAMENTARY PANEL RECOMMENDS MGNREGS WAGE REVISION The committee urged revising outdated wage rates, ensuring alternative payment systems to avoid glitches, and addressing delayed payments. Recommendations included revising the base year for wages, awareness campaigns for mobile monitoring, and timely fund releases.

News INDIA'S STRATEGIC CAUTION IN FTAS TO PROTECT MSMES External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar highlighted a cautious stance on FTAs to safeguard farmers and MSMEs at the Bharat@100 Summit. He stressed rebalancing trade agreements like the ASEAN pact and noted complexities in negotiations with the EU and UK. India’s post-Covid recovery is stronger compared to Europe, with increasing global engagement.

News ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION BILL SENT TO JPC The Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill was tabled to allow simultaneous elections. After a 269-198 vote in favor, it was referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) of up to 31 MPs, chaired by the BJP. The JPC will consult stakeholders, including legal experts and the Election Commission, and submit its report within 90 days.

News POLICY CLASHES MARK SHAKTIKANTA DAS’ FINAL DAYS AT RBI Governor Das ends his term, marked by pandemic-era challenges and recent policy disputes, prioritizing inflation control over government demands for GDP growth. His tenure emphasized financial stability and RBI independence while navigating conflicting fiscal and monetary priorities. Sanjay Malhotra (Revenue Secy) will replace Shaktikanta Das as the next Governor.

News RBI EXPANDS DIGITAL CREDIT ACCESS VIA UPI RBI allows Small Finance Banks (SFBs) to offer pre-sanctioned credit lines via UPI, enhancing access for underserved groups. This move increases competition, reduces borrowing costs, and boosts inclusion, enabling efficient small-ticket lending for “new-to-credit” customers.

News IIT DELHI LEADS INDIA IN QS RANKINGS 2025 IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading Indian institutions with a 255-rank improvement. IIT Kanpur showed the largest leap (+277 ranks). Overall, Indian universities excelled in knowledge exchange but need better social impact scores. Globally, the University of Toronto topped the list.

News C. RAJAGOPALACHARI: LEADER, WRITER, AND REFORMER On his birth anniversary, PM Modi praised Rajaji’s contributions to India’s independence, governance, and literature. As a key Congress leader and reformer, he promoted Khadi, abolished Zamindari, and founded the Swatantra Party in 1959, advocating for economic liberalism and social equity.

News INS TUSHIL ENHANCES INDIA'S MARITIME STRENGTH Commissioned on December 9, 2024, INS Tushil exemplifies Indo-Russian collaboration under the 2016 contract. With advanced weapons like Brahmos missiles and stealth features, it enhances India's maritime capabilities. Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh emphasized its role in SAGAR and combating regional threats. The ship is commanded by Captain Peter Varghese.

News OPPOSITION PLANS IMPEACHMENT MOVE AGAINST DHANKHAR Opposition parties, including TMC and SP, plan to submit an impeachment notice under Article 67(b) against Vice-President Dhankhar. Allegations of misuse of constitutional offices and targeting MPs fuel this move. With 103 INDIA bloc members, the numbers are insufficient for passage, making it symbolic. The Winter Session ends on December 20.

News MUSK’S 1998 MEDIA PREDICTION COMES TRUE Musk’s vision of the internet revolutionizing media has materialized. He advocates for Starlink’s satellite internet expansion globally, aiming to provide low-latency connections in remote areas, including India. Additionally, Musk envisions a future where AI automates jobs, creating a society sustained by universal high income.

News ASSAD’S FALL MARKS END OF ERA In December 2024, a rebel alliance rapidly overthrew President Bashar al-Assad. Rebel leader Ahmed al-Sharaa vowed accountability for war crimes of Assad's officials. Meanwhile, Israel launched over 300 airstrikes, targeting weapons facilities, raising tensions with regional powers like Iran and Saudi Arabia. Mohamed al-Bashir appointed caretaker Syrian PM, and international powers are reacting cautiously.

News MUMBAI BEST BUS CRASH CLAIMS SEVEN LIVES On December 9, 2024, a BEST electric bus lost control in Kurla, colliding with 30-40 vehicles over 100 meters, killing seven and injuring 42. Driver Sanjay More, reportedly uncomfortable with the vehicle’s automatic transmission, faces culpable homicide charges. The accident disrupted traffic and highlighted operational concerns for leased electric buses.

News THE PLACES OF WORSHIP ACT 1991: KEY PROVISIONS AND CRITICISM The Act prohibits the conversion of religious places and ensures the maintenance of their character. Act does not apply to ancient and historical monuments, archaeological sites, Ayodhya dispute and mutual agreements before the act. However, it faces criticism for limiting judicial review, imposing arbitrary retrospective restrictions, violating religious rights and secularism.

News RISING ANTI-HINDU AND ANTI-INDIA SENTIMENT ARE NOT SAME Incidents of violence against Hindus globally, including targeted campaigns & hate crimes in Bangladesh (eg. arrest of ISKON Priest) and Canada (eg. Temple attacks), reveal a rising Hinduphobia often conflated with anti-India sentiment. Hate crimes are framed as political statements, and laws (esp. in US & Europe) addressing such issues face criticism for alleged bias against Hindu minorities.

News INDIA COMPLETES FIRST HYPERLOOP TEST TRACK Indian Railways and IIT Madras’s Avishkar Hyperloop team have completed a 410-meter Hyperloop test track, showcasing advanced transport technology. Union Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the achievement, highlighting collaborative efforts with TuTr, a startup incubated at IIT-Madras. The track uses low-pressure tubes and pods capable of transporting 24-28 passengers directly between destinations at high speed.

News EKLINGJI TEMPLE IMPLEMENTS DRESS AND PHONE RESTRICTIONS Eklingji Temple bans mobile phones and short attire like mini skirts and bermudas, emphasizing respect for sanctity. These rules aim to address visitor discomfort over inappropriate clothing. Similar restrictions were implemented at Rajasthan's Jagdish and Kotri Charbhujanath Temples earlier.

News AYUSHMAN BHARAT SCHEME EXPANSION FOR SENIOR CITIZENS The scheme now extends to individuals aged 70+, regardless of socio-economic status. Beneficiaries can register via mobile apps, web portals, or helplines. It covers pre-existing conditions, offers cashless care in 29,000+ hospitals, and alleviates financial burdens for seniors with chronic illnesses, ensuring accessible, quality healthcare.

News NET NEUTRALITY: ENSURING EQUAL INTERNET ACCESS Net neutrality is the principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). It prohibits ISPs from prioritizing, throttling, or blocking specific content, websites, or services, ensuring open access to the internet for users and fair competition for businesses.

News JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE REVEALS TARANTULA NEBULA NASA's James Webb Space Telescope captured a stunning mosaic of the Tarantula Nebula, extending 340 light-years. Using its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), it unveiled tens of thousands of previously hidden young stars, obscured by cosmic dust. The most active areas of the nebula shine with massive young stars, glowing in pale blue.

News WARREN BUFFETT: LEGACY OF INVESTING AND GIVING Warren Buffett began investing early, purchasing stocks at 11 and real estate at 14. He studied under value investor Benjamin Graham at Columbia University. Partnering with Charlie Munger, he transformed the failing Berkshire Hathaway into a powerhouse for investments. Known for buying undervalued businesses and holding them long-term, Buffett has pledged most of his $140 billion fortune to philanthropy, notably the Gates Foundation.

News SAMBHAL MOSQUE SURVEY SPARKS VIOLENCE, TENSIONS RISE A court-ordered survey of Sambhal’s Jama Masjid triggered protests on November 24, escalating into violent clashes, leaving five dead and several injured. Prohibitory orders banned outsider visits until December 10, as political tensions rose. The Congress & Samajwadi Party criticized the BJP government for suppressing inquiries into the incident. Supreme Court halted proceedings.

News PROTESTS ERUPT IN KOLKATA OVER RELIGIOUS ISSUES Kolkata witnessed simultaneous protests: Muslim groups opposed the Waqf Amendment Bill and voiced support for Palestine, while Hindu groups condemned persecution of Hindus (esp. ISKON priest arrests) in Bangladesh. Clashes erupted as Hindu protesters breached police barricades near the Bangladesh High Commission. Representatives from both protests conveyed grievances, seeking government action against perceived injustices.

News KASHMIR HOSTS RARE CENTRAL ASIAN CRAFT REUNION Srinagar hosted 17 artisans from Iran, Uzbekistan, and other Central Asian countries in a three-day exchange. Artisans discovered shared heritage in crafts like wood carving and carpet weaving, highlighting Kashmir’s preservation of ancient techniques. The event celebrated Srinagar's ‘World Craft City’ recognition and connected global markets with traditional craftsmanship.

News SOUTH KOREAN MARTIAL LAW SPARKS IMPEACHMENT THREATS President Yoon imposed martial law for six hours, citing threats to democracy. The National Assembly overruled it 190-0, with some ruling party support. The opposition called Yoon’s move unconstitutional and plans impeachment, needing 200 votes. Troops, police, and helicopters surrounded Parliament during protests, marking high tensions in the nation.

News CYCLONE FENGAL TRIGGERS HEAVY RAINS AND SEVERE DAMAGE IN INDIA Bengaluru reported 22.6°C maximum and 19.5°C minimum temperatures due to Cyclone Fengal, 4.8°C below normal. IMD issued an orange alert, predicting over 100 mm rain until December 3. Coastal Tamil Nadu and Puducherry experienced heavy showers, while Karnataka districts received isolated rainfall, extending the monsoon’s wet pattern. Cyclone Fengal devastated southern India with a 21% rainfall surplus.

News LABOUR VIOLATIONS AT AMAZON’S INDIAN WAREHOUSE A Haryana labour inspection reported Amazon failed to meet safety standards, lacked proper worker records, and imposed stiff work targets. Workers face harsh monitoring through the ADAPT system, risking termination for unmet targets. Investigations revealed inadequate rest breaks, safety gear, and unrealistic demands, prompting court proceedings scheduled for December 10, 2024.

News INDIA’S SMART CITIES MISSION: CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS With ₹1.67 lakh crore allocated instead of the planned ₹2 lakh crore, 5,533 projects worth ₹65,063 crore are complete, and 921 projects worth ₹21,000 crore are ongoing. However, 400 projects missed the June 2024 deadline. The SPV (special purpose vehicle)- led governance model faced criticism for being top-down and misaligned with local urban realities.

News ELECTION OF 1860: PRELUDE TO US CIVIL WAR Abraham Lincoln's victory with 180 electoral votes, amidst four candidates, highlighted North-South divisions. Republicans opposed slavery's expansion, while Democrats split regionally. Constitutional Unionists sought unity. Lincoln's election spurred Southern secession, starting with South Carolina, leading to the American Civil War. Voter turnout was high, with 80% participation nationwide.

News FOSSIL DISCOVERY OF JUVENILE MARINE CROCODILE A perfectly preserved juvenile gharial crocodile fossil, 10–12 million years old, was discovered in Peru’s Ocucaje desert in 2023. The three-meter-long piscivorous crocodile had an elongated snout. This marks the first juvenile specimen found of its kind, providing insights into the species' development and its modern relative, the Indian gharial.

News COEXISTENCE OF EARLY HOMININ SPECIES UNVEILED Researchers discovered fossilized footprints in Kenya's Turkana Basin, marking the first direct evidence of two hominin species cohabiting a landscape. Paranthropus boisei and Homo erectus footprints indicate differing anatomies and diets. These findings, derived from stride patterns and footprint shapes, deepen understanding of hominin coexistence and potential interactions in prehistory.

News PM MODI’S VISIT STRENGTHENS GUYANA TIES IN 2024 PM Modi's visit to Guyana (first in 50+ years) follows G20 Summit in Brazil. He engaged with President Ali, honored Guyana's diaspora, and attended the India-CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market) Summit. Modi also visited Nigeria (first in 17 years) and Brazil, highlighting themes like "One Earth, One Family, One Future."

News UNESCO INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LIST The ICH list includes over 730 cultural practices from 145 countries. India has 15 elements listed, such as yoga, Kumbh Mela, and Vedic chanting. Latest addition from India is traditional dance form of Gujarat called Garba in 2023. It fosters global appreciation and safeguards traditions under threat.

News DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST BLACK HOLE TRIPLE SYSTEM A unique black hole triple system was discovered 8,000 light-years away in constellation Cygnus, featuring a central black hole and two orbiting stars. Unlike isolated black holes or binaries, this system forms via a "failed supernova" process. Orbital dynamics include one star orbiting every 6.5 days and another every 70,000 years unlike any other discovered black hole systems.

News NATURAL FARMING IN ANDHRA PRADESH: PATHWAYS TO 2050 FAO analysis (under 'AgroEco2050') projects natural farming in Andhra Pradesh could double farmer employment (10 million jobs) by 2050, reduce unemployment to 7%, and enhance incomes. It ensures land restoration, biodiversity improvement, and more nutritious food while addressing global food security concerns. Challenges include insufficient funding, training, certification, and marketing, deterring adoption by small farmers.

News MODERNIZING KHAP PANCHAYATS FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE Efforts are underway to modernize Khap Panchayats by integrating them into Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) systems. Challenges include addressing patriarchal practices, honor killings, gender injustice, and curbing unconstitutional actions. To integrate Khap Panchayats into formal ADR systems, steps include legalizing their mediatory roles, training leaders in dispute resolution, creating legal regulations, ensuring accountability, promoting development, and fostering collaborations with formal institutions for inclusive governance.

News MAHA KUMBH MELA 2025: SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL UNITY The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 will be held in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26, attracting millions for rituals like Shahi Snan, cultural festivities, and spiritual discourses. Recognized by UNESCO, it continues to showcase India's rich heritage with devotional kirtans, grand Peshwai processions, and astrological significance. The 2019 Kumbh achieved Guinness records for crowd management, sanitation, and public artwork.

News NIFTY MIGHT DROP ANOTHER 10% AMID HEAVY FII SELLING AND DOWNGRADES Nifty has plunged 10% from its high, reaching a 5-month low near 23,500 as FIIs withdraw ₹1.2 lakh crore from Indian markets. Weak Q2 earnings have driven further downgrades, and analysts, including CLSA's Laurence Balanco, expect this underperformance may extend into Q1 2025.

News RECORD INDIAN MIGRATION TO OECD NATIONS IN 2022 In 2022, a record 5.6 lakh Indians moved to OECD countries, a 35% increase over 2021. Indians accounted for 6.4% of all new immigrants, with 1.25 lakh moving to the US (up 35%) and 1.12 lakh to the UK (nearly doubling). Canada saw 1.18 lakh Indian immigrants, marking an 8% decline. Tightened immigration policies by OECD countries may soon impact Indian migration levels.

News ACCIDENTAL DEATHS AND SUICIDES IN INDIA 2021 REPORT: KEY INSIGHTS In 2021, India saw 72.5% of suicides by men, with a 170.7% rise in suicides among wage earners (2014-2021). India faces a severe shortage of mental health professionals, with only 0.3 psychiatrists per 100,000 people. Technological advancements like AI-driven tools, along with efforts like the Kiran helpline and MANAS app are bridging this gap.

News RAMANDEEP SINGH’S JOURNEY TO TEAM INDIA Cricket | Ramandeep Singh, aged 27, received his debut India cap ahead of the third T20I against South Africa, presented by Hardik Pandya. His path differed from that of his cricket-playing cousins and his friend Gill, requiring perseverance through domestic circuits and later IPL stints with Mumbai Indians and KKR, where Gautam Gambhir encouraged him to play fearlessly.

News EQUATORIAL GUINEA OFFICIAL FIRED AMID 400 LEAKED SEX TAPES Engonga was fired after 400 leaked sex tapes featuring him with various partners, including officials' wives, went viral. He was previously arrested for embezzling state funds, and his devices were confiscated. Authorities have warned telecoms to prevent the spread of explicit content, as the scandal dominated social media.

News DELHI'S AQI HITS SEVERE 418 MARK: FLIGHTS, SCHOOLS IMPACTED On November 13, 2024, Delhi’s AQI hit 418 (CPCB), marking the season’s first ‘severe’ reading. Smog disrupted visibility, causing multiple flight delays and cancellations between Delhi and Amritsar. Residents reported poor air quality and mild weather, while BJP criticized the Delhi government, urging school closures for children’s safety.

News STUDY: INDIA’S 2024 FOSSIL CO2 EMISSIONS WILL SURGE 4.6 PERCENT India’s CO2 emissions are expected to rise 4.6% in 2024, the highest increase among major economies. This includes emissions from coal (4.5%), oil (3.6%), natural gas (11.8%), and cement (4%). Global fossil-based emissions will reach a record 37.4 billion tonnes in 2024, nearing the threshold for surpassing the 1.5ºC warming limit within six years.

News SAUDI CRITICIZES ISRAEL’S ACTIONS AGAINST PALESTINIANS AS GENOCIDE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman condemned Israel’s Gaza offensive as “genocide” during a Riyadh summit, demanding international efforts to uphold Iran’s sovereignty. Talks with Israel halted after Hamas’s October 7 attack, with Gaza suffering tens of thousands of deaths, displacement, and severe humanitarian crises amidst accusations of genocide.

News TRUMP WINS SECOND TERM, DEFEATING KAMALA HARRIS Running on an economy-focused campaign, Trump defeated Democratic nominee Kamala Harris by winning 312 Electoral College votes to her 226. Key battleground wins in Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin, along with an increase in Hispanic and Gen-Z voter support, fueled his victory, despite controversies and his history of divisive rhetoric.

News ETHAN HUNT'S FINAL MISSION: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE 8 – THE FINAL RECKONING In Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning, releasing on May 23, 2025, Ethan Hunt continues battling Entity. With key allies returning, the story intensifies after Ilsa Faust's death. Grace joins the IMF, and returning characters like Paris shift allegiances. New threats arise, with Angela Bassett reprising her role, and fresh faces like Janet McTeer and Hannah Waddingham joining.

Theme DIPLOMACY The "Diplomacy" covers the ongoing talks and negotiations between nations, Non- State Actors (NSAs), transnational corporations (TNCs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the global stage. Whether fostering cooperation or resolving disputes, diplomacy shapes international relations through treaties, alliances, and strategic dialogues. From high-stakes summits to backchannel negotiations, this section provides insights into how diplomatic efforts impact global stability, trade, security, and geopolitical alliances in an increasingly interconnected world.

Theme BIOTECHNOLOGY The "Biotechnology" covers advancements in biological sciences that drive innovation in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. This category explores breakthroughs in genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and medical research, including gene therapy, CRISPR, and vaccine development. It also examines the ethical, legal, and societal implications of biotech innovations. From disease-resistant crops to regenerative medicine, this section keeps readers informed on how biotechnology shapes the future of science, industry, and everyday life.

Theme SEX EDUCATION The "Sex Education" news category focuses on the latest developments, research, and discussions around sexual health, relationships, and education. It covers a wide range of topics, from school curricula and government policies to advancements in sexual health awareness and LGBTQ+ rights. The category aims to inform the public about the importance of comprehensive sex education in promoting healthy, informed decision-making and respectful relationships while addressing societal issues such as consent, safe practices, and gender equality.

Theme NOBEL PRIZE The "Nobel Prize" category covers news, announcements, and achievements related to the prestigious global awards in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. It highlights laureates, their groundbreaking work, and the impact of their contributions on society. Stay updated on award ceremonies, key discoveries, and historical milestones that shape the world through innovation, humanitarian efforts, and scientific breakthroughs, as recognized by the Nobel Foundation.

Theme UNITED NATIONS The "United Nations" category covers news, resolutions, and initiatives from the UN and its agencies, including peacekeeping efforts, climate action, human rights advocacy, and global development programs. It highlights key discussions at the General Assembly, Security Council decisions, and humanitarian missions. Stay informed about international cooperation on pressing global issues such as poverty, conflicts, sustainability, and public health, as the UN works towards maintaining peace, security, and progress worldwide.

Theme CELEBRATED DAYS The "Celebrated Days" category highlights significant national and international days of observance, celebration, and awareness. From cultural and religious festivals to global awareness days like Earth Day and International Women's Day, this section delves into the history, traditions, and significance behind each occasion. It explores how these days are marked across different regions and communities, offering insights into their social, cultural, or environmental impact. Stay updated on events, campaigns, and stories that bring meaning to these celebrated moments worldwide.

Theme TRADE The "Trade" category focuses on the dynamics of domestic and international trade, exploring policies, agreements, and trends shaping global commerce. It covers updates on import-export activities, trade negotiations, tariffs, and their impact on economies and industries. This section highlights key markets, bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and the challenges of globalization. Stay informed on the strategies businesses and governments adopt to navigate the complexities of supply chains, economic partnerships, and competitive trade landscapes.

Theme ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The "Artificial Intelligence" category delves into the advancements, applications, and ethical considerations of AI technology. It explores breakthroughs in machine learning, natural language processing, robotics, and automation across industries like healthcare, finance, education, and entertainment. This section also covers debates on AI regulation, its impact on jobs, and its role in shaping the future of innovation. Stay updated on the latest AI tools, research, and trends that are transforming how we live, work, and interact with technology.

Theme DISASTER MANAGEMENT The "Disaster Management" category focuses on preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts during natural and human-made disasters. It covers updates on earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and industrial accidents, highlighting government policies, rescue operations, and relief measures. This section also delves into global best practices, technological innovations in early warning systems, and community-led resilience efforts. Explore how nations and organizations strategize to minimize impact, protect lives, and rebuild infrastructure in the face of crises.

Theme AGRICULTURE The "Agriculture" category provides insights into farming practices, crop trends, and agricultural policies shaping food production today. It explores advancements like precision farming, drone technology, and sustainable methods, while addressing challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and market volatility. Discover future trends, including vertical farming and lab-grown food, alongside efforts to enhance food security, empower farmers, and overcome barriers to sustainable and resilient agricultural practices worldwide.

Theme ENERGY The "Energy" category provides a comprehensive look at today's energy landscape and the innovations shaping tomorrow. It covers ongoing developments in renewable energy, fossil fuels, and nuclear power, along with breakthroughs in storage technologies, grid modernization, and energy efficiency. Stay informed about global energy policies, market trends, and environmental impacts. Explore futuristic concepts like hydrogen energy, fusion power, and emerging sustainable technologies driving the transition to a carbon-neutral future.

Theme NATURAL PHENOMENON The "Natural Phenomenon" category explores the wonders and events of the natural world, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, and solar phenomena like eclipses and auroras. It also covers seasonal changes, rare celestial events, and geological occurrences that shape our planet. Learn about the science behind these phenomena, their impacts on ecosystems and human life, and the steps taken for preparedness and mitigation. This category brings a deeper understanding of nature's forces and their role in Earth's dynamic environment.

Theme JUDICIARY The "Judiciary" category delves into the judicial branch of government, covering significant court rulings, legal battles, and reforms that impact society. It includes updates from the Supreme Court, High Courts, and other judicial bodies, alongside landmark judgments, constitutional interpretations, and cases of public interest. This section also explores judicial appointments, legal system reforms, and issues surrounding access to justice. Stay informed about how the judiciary upholds laws, protects rights, and resolves disputes in a fair and impartial manner.

Theme LEGISLATURE The "Legislature" category covers news and updates related to the legislative branch of government, including parliaments, assemblies, and law-making bodies. It highlights debates, policy discussions, and the passage of bills and resolutions that shape the nation’s legal and social framework. From legislative sessions and key speeches to committee reports and amendments, this section provides a comprehensive look at how representatives address public concerns and drive governance. Stay informed about the dynamics of lawmaking and the role of the legislature in shaping a nation's future.

Theme EXECUTIVE The "Executive" category focuses on news related to the executive branch of government, including the President, Prime Minister, Cabinet, and administrative agencies. It covers policy decisions, governance strategies, implementation of laws, and executive orders shaping the nation’s direction. From major announcements and reforms to the functioning of ministries and public service initiatives, this section provides insights into how the executive works to address national and international challenges. Stay updated on leadership actions influencing economic growth, social welfare, and global relations.

Theme FLORA AND FAUNA The "Flora and Fauna" category celebrates the diversity of plant and animal life, bringing you stories that highlight nature’s wonders and challenges. It covers topics such as conservation efforts, endangered species, biodiversity hotspots, and ecological research. Explore the impact of human activities on wildlife, the importance of native vegetation, and the role of ecosystems in maintaining balance. From fascinating animal behaviors to groundbreaking discoveries in botany and zoology, this section offers a window into the natural world and the urgent need to protect it for future generations.

Theme DEFENSE The "Defense" category focuses on news related to a nation's security apparatus, armed forces, and defense strategies. It covers military operations, technological advancements in weaponry, defense budgets, and international defense collaborations. From updates on the Army, Navy, and Air Force to coverage of defense policies, border security, and global military trends, this section provides a comprehensive view of national and global security dynamics. Stay informed about defense deals, veterans' welfare, and critical developments ensuring the safety and sovereignty of nations.

Theme THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS The Government Commissions and Departments category provides insights into the workings, decisions, and initiatives of key public institutions shaping national policies and administration. Covering commissions like the Election Commission, Finance Commission, and regulatory bodies, as well as ministries and departments handling areas such as health, education, defense, and environment, this section sheds light on their roles in governance. From major reforms and policy announcements to reports on their performance and accountability, it keeps you informed about the machinery driving public service and national progress.

Theme FINANCE AND BANKING Finance and Banking provides insights into the latest trends, developments, and policies shaping the financial world. This category covers updates on central banks, interest rates, regulatory changes, and innovations in banking technology. Finance and Banking also explores topics like corporate finance, personal banking, fintech, global financial markets, and economic stability. Stay informed on how financial institutions operate, impact economies, and adapt to challenges, helping readers understand the evolving landscape of money management and banking.

Theme GREAT PERSONALITIES Great Personalities celebrates individuals who have made remarkable contributions across various fields, such as science, politics, arts, sports, and humanitarian work. This category delves into the lives, achievements, and legacies of influential figures, past and present, who have shaped the world with their vision, talent, and dedication. Great Personalities highlights inspiring stories and milestones, offering insights into their journeys and the impact of their work. Discover the extraordinary individuals whose lives continue to inspire generations.

Theme UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT Understand the Concept is a unique news theme that breaks down complex news topics into simple, digestible explanations. We dive deep into the "why" and "how" behind current events, helping you grasp the big picture and underlying concepts. Perfect for curious minds, this series makes even the most intricate issues accessible in just a few minutes. Simplify news, empower understanding!

Theme WORLD NEWS World News brings the latest updates on international events, politics, and issues affecting countries around the globe. This category covers topics like diplomatic relations, conflicts, economic developments, natural disasters, and cultural shifts in different regions. World News offers insights into the actions and decisions of global leaders, international organizations, and grassroots movements. Stay informed on the events shaping our interconnected world, with comprehensive coverage that fosters understanding of global affairs and their impact on daily life.

Theme ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeology explores the discovery and study of past human cultures through artifacts, excavation sites, and ancient structures. This category highlights new archaeological finds, digs, and research that uncover insights into historical civilizations, their ways of life, and their impact on the present. Archaeology also covers advancements in techniques, such as remote sensing and carbon dating, as well as the preservation of ancient sites. Stay informed on the exciting discoveries that deepen our understanding of human history and cultural evolution.

Theme CULTURAL HERITAGE Cultural Heritage celebrates the history, traditions, and practices that define societies and communities around the world. This category highlights art, architecture, customs, language, and rituals passed down through generations. Cultural Heritage explores efforts to preserve, protect, and promote cultural sites, artifacts, and traditions, focusing on their significance and impact on modern identity. Stay informed on the importance of safeguarding cultural diversity, as well as the role of heritage in shaping global understanding and shared humanity.

Theme HISTORICAL EVENTS Historical Events delves into significant moments from the past that have shaped the world. This category covers key events, turning points, and milestones in history, from political revolutions and wars to scientific discoveries and cultural shifts. Historical Events provides context, analysis, and reflections on how these events influenced society, economies, and global relations. Stay informed on the lessons and legacies of history, helping readers understand the past and its ongoing impact on the present and future.

Theme URBAN DEVELOPMENT Urban Development covers the latest trends, projects, and policies shaping the growth and transformation of cities. This category highlights infrastructure projects, urban planning, and efforts to create sustainable, livable spaces. Urban Development explores issues like housing, transportation, environmental impact, and smart city innovations, focusing on how cities are evolving to meet the needs of growing populations. Stay informed on how urban areas are adapting to modern challenges and shaping the future of metropolitan life.

Theme INVESTING TIPS Investing Tips provides practical advice and strategies for building wealth through smart investment choices. This category covers topics like stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, and cryptocurrency, offering insights into risk management, portfolio diversification, and market trends. Investing Tips helps readers make informed decisions about where and how to invest, from beginner strategies to advanced techniques. Stay updated on expert tips, tools, and resources to optimize your financial future and navigate the world of investments.

Theme ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN Architecture and Design showcases the latest trends, innovations, and developments in building design, urban planning, and interior aesthetics. This category covers architectural masterpieces, sustainable design practices, and the evolution of spaces, from residential homes to large-scale commercial projects. Architecture and Design also highlights emerging technologies, materials, and design philosophies shaping the built environment. Stay informed on how creative and functional design is transforming cities, homes, and workplaces worldwide.

Theme REAL ESTATE AND HOUSING MARKET Real Estate and Housing Market covers the latest trends, insights, and developments in property sales, rental markets, and housing policies. This category includes updates on home prices, market fluctuations, and key factors affecting real estate investments. Real Estate and Housing Market also tracks government regulations, mortgage rates, and real estate development projects. Stay informed on the dynamics of buying, selling, and renting properties, and gain insights into the factors shaping housing markets locally and globally.

Theme EXAMS AND ADMISSIONS Exams and Admissions provides updates on key exams, application processes, and admission requirements for educational institutions. This category covers news on entrance exams, board exams, test schedules, and preparation tips. Exams and Admissions also highlights changes in admission policies, scholarship opportunities, and important deadlines for students applying to schools, colleges, and universities. Stay informed on all aspects of the exam and admissions journey, helping students navigate academic milestones and secure their future opportunities.

Theme EDUCATION Education covers the latest trends, policies, and developments in the world of learning. This category highlights updates on schools, universities, online education, and educational reforms. Education also explores issues like access to quality education, teaching methods, student wellness, and innovations in the learning process. Whether it’s new curricula, research on effective education, or advancements in ed-tech, this section provides insights into how education is evolving and impacting learners, educators, and society at large.

Theme AUTOMOTIVE AND TRANSPORTATION Automotive and Transportation covers the latest trends and developments in vehicles, infrastructure, and transportation technology. This category includes updates on car models, electric vehicles, self-driving technology, and innovations in public transport. Automotive and Transportation also covers traffic, road safety, and sustainability efforts within the industry, as well as regulatory changes and market shifts. Stay informed on how advancements in transportation are shaping mobility, the environment, and the future of travel.

Theme CRIME AND LAWS Crime and Laws covers updates on criminal activities, law enforcement actions, legal proceedings, and significant court rulings. This category highlights major criminal cases, investigations, law enforcement reforms, and changes in the legal system. Crime and Laws also examines societal issues related to crime, justice, and legal rights, offering insights into criminal behavior, legal protections, and the evolving nature of the justice system. Stay informed on the intersection of crime, law enforcement, and legal developments affecting society.

Theme PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Psychology and Human Behavior delves into the latest research and theories on the mind, emotions, and actions of individuals and groups. This category covers topics like mental health, cognitive processes, behavior patterns, and emotional well-being. Psychology and Human Behavior explores how humans think, feel, and interact, providing insights into personal development, relationships, and societal dynamics. Whether it's new therapeutic techniques or behavioral trends, this section helps readers better understand the complexities of human nature.

Theme SPACE EXPLORATION Space Exploration covers the latest advancements in the study and exploration of outer space. This category highlights missions to distant planets, the search for extraterrestrial life, space technology innovations, and discoveries made by telescopes and spacecraft. Space Exploration includes updates on space agencies like ISRO, NASA, ESA, and private space companies, as well as scientific findings related to space travel, the cosmos, and the future of human settlement beyond Earth. Stay informed about humanity’s journey to explore the final frontier.

Theme FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE Fundamental Science explores the core principles and discoveries that form the foundation of scientific knowledge. This category covers topics in physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, focusing on the theoretical frameworks, experiments, and concepts that drive scientific progress. Fundamental Science delves into groundbreaking research and discoveries that expand our understanding of the universe, from the smallest particles to the largest structures, helping readers grasp the fundamental forces that shape the natural world.

Theme LOCAL NEWS Local News focuses on the latest events, issues, and developments within specific communities, cities, and regions. This category covers topics like local government actions, public services, community initiatives, crime reports, and neighborhood happenings. Local News provides insights into the concerns and achievements of local residents, from schools and businesses to cultural events and local policies. Stay informed about what's happening in your area, with updates that impact daily life and foster community connection.

Theme DEBATES Debates presents diverse perspectives on controversial issues, featuring structured discussions on topics that spark public interest and conversation. This category includes arguments from experts, thought leaders, and key figures, offering both sides of a debate on pressing topics such as politics, social justice, and global challenges. Debates encourages critical thinking by presenting well-reasoned positions, allowing readers to form their own opinions and engage in informed dialogue on the issues shaping society.

Theme READER'S VIEW Reader’s View gives a platform to the opinions, thoughts, and insights of the audience. This category features letters, comments, and personal stories from readers on current events, social issues, and personal experiences. Reader’s View offers a diverse range of perspectives, showcasing the voices of the community. Whether it's feedback on news topics or reflections on personal challenges, this section fosters dialogue, engagement, and a deeper connection between the publication and its readers.

Theme OPINIONS AND EDITORIALS Opinions and Editorials offers thought-provoking perspectives on current events, societal issues, and global trends. This category features articles from expert writers, analysts, and thought leaders who provide analysis, commentary, and in-depth discussions on a range of topics. Opinions and Editorials presents diverse viewpoints, encouraging critical thinking and debate, and helps readers understand the broader implications of news stories. Stay engaged with expert opinions that challenge ideas, propose solutions, and spark conversation.

Theme ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental Policy focuses on governmental and institutional efforts to address environmental challenges through legislation, regulations, and initiatives. This category covers policies related to climate change, conservation, pollution control, and sustainable development. Environmental Policy provides insights into new laws, international agreements, and governmental actions aimed at protecting natural resources and promoting eco-friendly practices. Stay informed on how policies are shaping the future of the planet and guiding global efforts toward environmental sustainability.

Theme WEATHER EVENTS Weather Events provides timely updates on significant weather patterns and natural phenomena impacting regions worldwide. This category covers extreme weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts, and wildfires, along with forecasts and preparedness tips. Weather Events also tracks seasonal changes, climate shifts, and unusual weather occurrences, offering insights into their causes and effects. Stay informed on how weather events are shaping the environment and affecting communities, economies, and daily life.

Theme SUSTAINABLE EFFORTS Sustainable Efforts highlights initiatives, innovations, and policies focused on environmental preservation and resource conservation. This category covers topics like renewable energy, waste reduction, sustainable agriculture, and eco-friendly technologies. Sustainable Efforts also tracks corporate and governmental actions towards sustainability, as well as community-driven projects aimed at reducing carbon footprints. Stay informed on the steps being taken globally to create a more sustainable future and protect natural resources for generations to come.

Theme CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change focuses on the latest developments related to global environmental issues, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and sustainability efforts. This category covers scientific research, policy changes, and initiatives aimed at combating climate change, such as renewable energy projects and international agreements. Climate Change also tracks the impacts on ecosystems, communities, and economies, offering insights into the actions needed to protect the planet and address the environmental challenges facing future generations.

Theme EVENTS AND AWARDS Events and Awards covers major happenings, ceremonies, and accolades across various industries. This category highlights prestigious awards shows, red carpet events, and key celebrations in entertainment, sports, business, and more. Events and Awards offers insights into winners, nominees, and standout moments, from film festivals to corporate galas. Stay updated on the latest honors, achievements, and the stars and influencers making waves in their respective fields, providing a glimpse into the events that shape culture and industry recognition.

Theme ATHLETE NEWS Athlete News provides the latest updates on the lives, careers, and achievements of athletes across all sports. This category highlights major milestones, injury reports, training routines, and personal stories of sports figures. Athlete News also covers interviews, sponsorship deals, and off-field activities, offering a closer look at the stars behind the headlines. Whether it’s a rising talent or a seasoned champion, this section keeps you informed on the people who shape the world of sports.

Theme SPORTS HIGHLIGHTS Sports Highlights delivers the latest updates on key sporting events, top performances, and major victories across various sports. This category covers everything from match results and player achievements to tournament news and standout moments. Sports Highlights offers concise summaries of the biggest games, upsets, and milestones in sports, keeping readers informed on all the action. Whether it’s football, basketball, tennis, or beyond, this section ensures you stay up-to-date with the world of sports and its top stories.

Theme MUSIC AND CELEBRITY Music and Celebrity covers the latest news in the entertainment world, from chart-topping hits and new album releases to celebrity news and exclusive interviews. This category highlights trends in the music industry, featuring artist profiles, concert updates, and the latest gossip from the celebrity scene. Music and Celebrity also offers insights into the lives of your favorite stars, from red carpet events to personal milestones. Whether it’s new music or celebrity culture, this section keeps you informed and entertained.

Theme MOVIES AND TV Movies and TV provides the latest updates on the entertainment world, including new releases, reviews, and upcoming projects in film and television. This category covers everything from blockbuster movies and hit TV series to behind-the-scenes stories and celebrity interviews. Movies and TV also tracks trends in streaming platforms, award shows, and industry shifts, offering insights into what’s popular and what to watch next. Whether you're a film buff or TV enthusiast, this section keeps you updated on the latest in entertainment.

Theme FOOD AND NUTRITION Food and Nutrition offers updates on the latest trends, research, and tips related to healthy eating and nutrition. This category covers everything from new superfoods and diet plans to expert advice on maintaining balanced nutrition. Food and Nutrition also highlights food trends, recipes, and innovations in the culinary world, helping readers make informed choices about what they eat. Whether it’s dietary tips, cooking hacks, or health-conscious food trends, this section provides valuable insights to support a healthier lifestyle.

Theme TRAVEL AND LEISURE Travel and Leisure offers readers the latest updates on destinations, travel tips, and leisure activities. This category highlights top travel spots, hidden gems, and trending vacation experiences, along with advice on planning trips, packing, and navigating new destinations. Travel and Leisure also covers trends in adventure travel, eco-tourism, and luxury escapes, helping readers explore the world and make the most of their downtime. Whether it’s local getaways or international adventures, this section inspires readers to discover new experiences.

Theme LIFESTYLE TRENDS Lifestyle Trends explores the latest shifts in daily living, from fashion and beauty to home decor, travel, and technology. This category highlights emerging trends, popular products, and cultural shifts influencing how people live, work, and play. Lifestyle Trends offers readers insights into what’s new and stylish, helping them stay ahead of the curve in areas like sustainable living, wellness, and personal growth. Whether it's fashion, design, or tech innovations, this section keeps readers informed on the trends shaping modern life.

Theme WELLNESS TIPS Wellness Tips offers practical advice and strategies for maintaining physical, mental, and emotional well-being. This category covers topics like fitness routines, stress management, nutrition, sleep improvement, and mindfulness practices. Wellness Tips helps readers adopt healthy habits and lifestyle changes for better overall health. Whether it's simple self-care techniques, expert advice, or the latest wellness trends, this section provides quick, actionable tips to enhance daily life and support long-term well-being.

Theme HEALTH NEWS Health News covers the latest updates on medical advancements, public health issues and health technology innovations. This category includes information on disease outbreaks, healthcare policies, mental health, new treatments, and cutting-edge health tech like wearable devices and telemedicine. Health News also provides tips on healthy living, nutrition, and fitness, offering readers insights into how technology and research are transforming healthcare. Stay informed on the developments shaping global health and personal well-being.

Theme COMEDY AND HUMOR Comedy and Humor brings a lighthearted touch to the news with funny stories, viral memes, satirical takes on current events, and amusing social media trends. This category highlights the lighter side of life, offering quick laughs through jokes, parodies, and witty commentary. Comedy and Humor also covers updates from the world of entertainment, stand-up comedy, and funny moments that bring joy to readers. It’s the perfect escape for those seeking humor, offering a refreshing break from the seriousness of daily news.

Theme CYBER SECURITY Cyber Security focuses on the latest developments in protecting digital systems, data, and networks from cyber threats. This category covers topics like data breaches, hacking incidents, malware, and security protocols across industries. Cyber Security also provides updates on government regulations, cybersecurity innovations, and best practices to safeguard personal and corporate information. Stay informed on the evolving landscape of cyber threats and the measures being implemented to ensure digital safety and privacy in an increasingly connected world.

Theme SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Scientific Research highlights the latest discoveries, studies, and advancements across various scientific fields. This category covers breakthroughs in areas like medicine, space exploration, environmental science, and physics, offering insights into how new research is advancing knowledge and solving global challenges. Scientific Research provides readers with a concise overview of cutting-edge studies, experimental findings, and technological developments, keeping them informed on the innovations that are shaping our understanding of the world and the future.

Theme TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS Technological Innovations covers the latest advancements in technology that are transforming industries and society. From breakthrough gadgets and AI developments to emerging fields like quantum computing and biotech, this category highlights the cutting-edge innovations shaping the future. Technological Innovations provides insights into how new technologies are impacting businesses, healthcare, communication, and everyday life, helping readers stay informed on the trends and inventions that are defining the digital age.

Theme ECONOMIC INDICATORS Economic Indicators provides key data and insights on the metrics shaping the economy, including GDP growth, inflation, unemployment rates, and consumer spending. This category highlights statistical reports and analyses that gauge the health of national and global economies. Economic Indicators helps readers understand how these figures influence business decisions, investment trends, and government policies, offering a clear view of economic performance and its impact on everyday life and future financial planning. Stay informed on the data driving economic change.

Theme PERSONAL FINANCE Personal Finance provides practical advice and updates on managing money, saving, investing, and planning for the future. This category covers topics like budgeting, credit management, retirement planning, and tax tips, helping individuals make informed decisions about their finances. Personal Finance also tracks economic trends that impact personal wealth, offering insights on the stock market, real estate, and financial products. Stay updated on strategies to secure your financial well-being and navigate the complexities of money management.

Theme STARTUPS AND INNOVATIONS Startups and Innovations brings readers the latest on emerging businesses and groundbreaking ideas driving change across industries. This category covers new ventures, innovative products, tech advancements, and funding news, showcasing the entrepreneurs and inventions shaping the future. From disruptive startups to pioneering technologies, Startups and Innovations highlights the creativity and vision transforming markets, offering insights into the trends, challenges, and breakthroughs defining tomorrow’s world. Stay connected to the forefront of business innovation.

Theme CORPORATE NEWS Corporate News focuses on major developments within companies across industries, highlighting business growth, mergers, leadership changes, and financial performance. This category tracks shifts in corporate strategy, product launches, and market expansions, providing insights into how top companies and startups alike are shaping the business landscape. Corporate News keeps readers updated on corporate trends, challenges, and innovations, offering a snapshot of the moves that influence markets, employment, and industry direction globally.

Theme MARKET UPDATES Market Updates delivers timely insights on stock markets, commodities, and financial indices, tracking trends and movements that impact investors and the economy. Covering major exchanges, market indices, and sector-specific shifts, this category provides quick updates on price changes, trading volumes, and key factors driving gains or losses. Market Updates keeps readers informed on financial news that matters, helping them understand economic sentiment and make informed decisions in a rapidly changing financial landscape.

Theme GLOBAL ECONOMY Global Economy provides key insights into the economic forces and trends shaping markets worldwide. This category covers international trade, financial markets, currency fluctuations, and economic policies impacting global growth. From major economies to emerging markets, Global Economy explores factors like inflation, employment, and economic alliances, helping readers understand how global financial shifts affect businesses, investments, and daily life. Stay informed on the interconnected world economy and the movements that drive it forward.

Theme POLICY AND REFORMS Policy and Reforms covers significant changes in laws, regulations, and public initiatives shaping national progress and citizen welfare. From healthcare and education policies to environmental and economic reforms, this category highlights government actions aimed at addressing societal needs. Policy and Reforms provides readers with clear insights into the goals, impacts, and debates surrounding new policies and legislative changes, helping them understand how these shifts affect everyday life and contribute to long-term development and growth.

Theme CONFLICT AND SECURITY Conflict and Security provides critical updates on global and domestic security issues, including military conflicts, terrorism, cybersecurity threats, and peacekeeping efforts. Covering developments in defense strategies, international alliances, and emerging security risks, this category offers insights into measures taken to protect national and global stability. Conflict and Security helps readers stay informed on the challenges governments face in maintaining peace and security amid evolving threats, highlighting actions and impacts that shape safety worldwide.

Theme INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS International Relations explores the complex dynamics between countries, covering diplomatic efforts, treaties, and global partnerships. This category highlights key events shaping foreign policy, such as summits, trade agreements, and military alliances, while offering insights into geopolitical issues, conflicts, and peace efforts. International Relations helps readers understand how global events impact their nation, providing clear analysis on the evolving relationships and strategic decisions that define the world stage. Stay informed on the latest in global diplomacy and international affairs.

Theme DOMESTIC POLITICS Domestic Politics provides comprehensive coverage of political developments within the country, including government decisions, legislative actions, and policy changes that shape national direction. From debates on key issues to updates on party agendas, elections, and public policies, this category keeps readers informed on how leaders and lawmakers are addressing pressing challenges. Domestic Politics also offers insights into political movements, reforms, and the impact of decisions on citizens, helping readers stay connected to the country's evolving political landscape.

Theme ELECTIONS Elections offers in-depth coverage and updates on ongoing and upcoming elections across local, state, and national levels. This category includes candidate profiles, party platforms, campaign highlights, debates, and polling insights to keep readers informed throughout each election cycle. From primary races to general elections, Elections provides insights into voting processes, policies, and analysis on potential impacts. Post-election coverage includes results, reactions, and how outcomes might shape future governance and public policy.

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